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Recycling 2021, 6, 18 2 of 19 including Indonesia, experience problems with plastic waste. Indonesia generates some 67.8 million tons of waste, with plastic waste being the second-largest waste stream after organic waste, reaching 17% in 2018 [11]. To solve the problems of plastic waste and divert this away from landfill, requires any opportunities to be identified within the value chains. Investing in a circular system to manage plastic pollution offers potential solutions with social and environmental benefits. Circularity will retain the value of plastic materials if they are returned back into the supply chain, thus reducing the volume of discarded plastics ending up in nature. Therefore, the identification of a relevant local strategy for waste (including plastics) and the tailoring of partnerships to suit various stakeholders (i.e., businesses, industries, and civil society) are necessary [12,13]. Here, building a nexus be- tween the waste and construction sectors emerges as a possible option for increasing plastic circularity, especially macro-plastics, which are in widespread use [14]. The additional value to be obtained from their use as an additive in concrete mixtures could also create new business opportunities [15]. The final application from plastic additions to concrete, as examined in this study is expected to be for non-structural projects, such as wall panels, parking lots, or paths [16–18]. Even plastic fibers can be used below the concrete layer in constructing rigid pavements. Concrete has properties that are sensitive to the type of added materials that are be- yond those specified in the traditional job mix design. The strength of concrete depends on the type and size of the aggregates used [19–21], and different additive materials produce variations in tensile strength and compressive strength [22–25]. Single-use plastics are con- sidered suitable for disposal as admixtures in concrete, as low-carbon reusable materials, e.g., PET (polyethylene terephthalate) [26] and HDPE (high-density polyethylene) [27]. The advantages of using plastic additions in concrete are that they are lightweight, bet- ter resistant to weather, waterproof [28], and confer thermal insulation properties [9,29]. However, compared to PET, HDPE has higher temperature resistance than PET (melting at 130–135 ◦C). Further, as Merli et al. [30] identified, HDPE is less discussed in the literature compared to PET. This motivated our interest and focus on HDPE. A few researchers have discussed the use of HDPE in concrete in different contexts. For instance, Pesic et al. [31] investigated the effect recycled HDPE fibers had for reinforced concrete for structural uses using two different fiber diameters (0.25 mm and 0.4 mm) with 0.40%, 0.75%, and 1.25% fiber volume fraction. The study showed that the HDPE fiber reinforced concrete of 0.75–1.25% could maintain a constant post-cracking tensile of 30–40% of the flexural peak capacity. The use of HDPE for non-structural uses was discussed by Lopez et al. [32], who considered using recycled HDPE as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate in mixes of Acrylic Polymer Pervious Concrete (AcPPC) at ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% at sizes of 12 ” and 34 ”. The study showed that the optimum strength was reached by a 10% addition at sizes of 12 ”. Further, by using a different type of plastic, Jain et al. [16] investigated the effect of plastic bag additions to concrete at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5% of the weight of concrete. They found that a higher percentage of plastic reduced concrete’s workability. The addition also affected the bonding between plastic aggregate and cement paste, as it created voids, thus reducing the concrete strength. The above-mentioned studies clearly emphasized that plastic addition could benefit concrete properties at certain levels, and contribute to sustainable construction. However, how different types of plastics may affect the behavior of concrete is an interesting issue, which offers scope for discussion and development. Unlike these previous studies, we have investigated different aspects. Our study examines the potential use of HDPE addition on different concrete classes. We assess the effect of various HDPE lamellar particle sizes and percentages as lightweight admixtures into different concrete mixes used for non-structural works, but not as a replacement to cement or other materials. This paper is structured as follows: Section 1 is an introduction providing the background and aim of this study. It is followed by a description of materials and methods in Section 2. The results of the tests are provided in Section 3 and discussed in Section 4. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are presented in Section 5.PDF Image | Recycled HDPE Plastic Additions on Concrete Performance
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