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recycling Article The Effect of Recycled HDPE Plastic Additions on Concrete Performance Tamrin 1,* and Juli Nurdiana 1,2 1 2 * Correspondence: fts_tamrin@ft.unmul.ac.id Abstract: This study examined HDPE (high-density polyethylene) plastic waste as an added material for concrete mixtures. The selection of HDPE was based on its increased strength, hardness, and resistance to high temperatures compared with other plastics. It focused on how HDPE plastic can be used as an additive in concrete to increase its tensile strength and compressive strength. 156 specimens were used to identify the effect of adding different percentages and sizes of HDPE lamellar particles to lower, medium, and higher strength concrete for non-structural applications. HDPE 0.5 mm thick lamellar particles with sizes of 10 × 10 mm, 5 × 20 mm, and 2.5 × 40 mm were added at 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% by weight of cement. The results showed that the medium concrete class (with compressive strength equal to 10 MPa) had the best response to the addition of HDPE. The 5% HDPE addition represented the optimal mix for all concrete types, while the 5 × 20 mm size was best. Keywords: concrete additive; concrete mixture; plastic waste; HDPE; plastic lamellar particles 1. Introduction Plastic has long been considered a manmade material with many benefits. It has lightweight properties and is easily shaped to the designer’s desires. Its versatile properties have led to its widespread use. Since 2016–2017, plastic consumption has increased from 335 million tons to 348 million tons. This demand is expected to reach 485 million tons by 2030 [1]. The downside of plastic use is the waste generated and the environmental pollution caused because many plastics are not biodegradable and can take between 500 and 1000 years to decompose [2]. The pollution risks from the toxins released can impact groundwater quality, animal/human health, food-chain poisoning, and reduction in soil fertility [3]. Furthermore, if burnt in an open space, plastics produce carbon monoxide (a greenhouse gas). If disposed of in waterways, plastics can cause siltation and impede water flows, thereby creating a flood risk [4,5]. Research on beaches has shown that coastline plastic waste in 192 countries in 2010 amounted to between 4.8 and 12.7 million metric tons [6]. This waste threatens marine organisms [7] and has led to many demands to restrict plastic use and reshape behavior at the consumer level [8]. Recycling has increased in developed countries since 2006 [1] and offers a partial solution. The regular process of plastic recycling starts with sorting it into several polymer types, followed by cleaning, scraping, smelting, and converting it into pellets to be repurposed into plastic bags, plastic containers, carpets, jacket insulation, and other materials. However, traditional recycling suffers from cross-contamination and requires high energy consumption [9]. In 2018, processing plastic waste for energy used 43% of all of the collected post-consumer waste stream [1]. Furthermore, the insufficient processing and management of plastic waste worldwide face the challenge of insufficient plastic waste treatment facilities at all stages of Faculty of Engineering, Mulawarman University, Samarinda 75117, Indonesia; j.nurdiana@utwente.nl Department of Governance and Technology for Sustainability, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands Citation: Tamrin;Nurdiana,J.The Effect of Recycled HDPE Plastic Additions on Concrete Performance. Recycling 2021, 6, 18. https:// doi.org/10.3390/recycling6010018 Received: 17 October 2020 Accepted: 3 March 2021 Published: 6 March 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ collection, separation, and disposal. By 2050, it is projected that about 12 billion metric tons 4.0/). of plastic litter will end up in landfills and the natural environment [10]. Many countries, Recycling 2021, 6, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling6010018 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/recyclingPDF Image | Recycled HDPE Plastic Additions on Concrete Performance
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