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Recycling 2021, 6, 18 3 of 19 2. Materials and Methods This study used concrete mixes formed from cement and aggregate (fine and coarse aggregate). These are designed to fall into three concrete classes: lower, medium, and higher concrete strength. Lower concrete strength is in the following named as B0 and it represents concrete with cylindrical strength of f’c = 7 MPa. Medium and high concrete strength here refers to cylindrical strength f’c equal to 10 MPa and 25 MPa respectively. Three different sizes of HDPE lamellar (10 × 10 mm, 5 × 20 mm, and 2.5 × 40 mm) with the same thickness of 0.5 mm were added to the mixtures to examine their effect on concrete properties. The ACI (American Concrete Institute) and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) testing standards were used to calculate specific gravity, slump value, unit weight, tensile and compressive strength. Table 1 provides a summary of the standard testing used in this research. Table 1. The standards used for concrete testing. Standard ASTM C-127 ASTM C33-99a ASTM C29/C29M-07 ASTM C131/C131M-20 ACI 211.1-91 ASTM C143 ASTM C39 ASTM C496 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Cement Targeted Testing Specific gravity of coarse aggregate Adequate grading requirement and aggregate quality; sieve analysis Unit weight for fine and coarse aggregate Resistance to degradation by abrasion on small-size coarse aggregate Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete Slump test Compressive strength Tensile strength As this study’s scope involved non-structural applications, the examination used cement type 1, which is intended for walls, pavement, sidewalks, and other precast prod- ucts. Using the ASTM C-127 standard, this cement material was found to have a specific gravity of 3.18 g/cm3, which falls in the acceptable range of 3.1–3.3 g/cm3. This cement composition comprises four main chemical compounds, i.e., tricalcium silicate (3CaO·SiO2), shortened to C3S (55 wt.%), dicalcium silicate (2CaO·SiO2), abbreviated to C2S (17 wt.%), tricalcium aluminate (3CaO·Al2O3), shortened to C3A (10 wt.%), tetracalcium aluminofer- rite (4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3), shortened to C4AF (7 wt.%), carbon disulphide (CS2) (6 wt.%). In addition, there are small amounts of minor compounds, e.g., alkali (Na2O), free calcium oxide (free CaO), ignition loss, and magnesium oxide (MgO) of which, according to In- donesian national standard (SNI No 15-2049/2015), the maximal amount should be less than 5 and 6 wt.% respectively. 2.1.2. The Aggregates The aggregates refer to any particulates used as an inert filler in concrete. These vary from sand, gravel, crushed stone to blast-furnace slag. Following ASTM C33, the aggregates are categorized into fine and coarse aggregate. This study used sand as a fine aggregate within a range of 0.1–10 mm (Figure 1a), and crushed stone as a coarse aggregate meeting the range of 2–30 mm (Figure 1b). These aggregates were collected from Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Palu’s aggregates are considered basalt and are widely used for lightweight building walls and concrete in Indonesia. Its physical characteristics andPDF Image | Recycled HDPE Plastic Additions on Concrete Performance
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