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FIGURES 1.1 Distribution of utilities by date of reported first installation of PE mains..........................3 1.2 Comparison of utility satisfaction with PE pipe by generation..........................................3 1.3 North American municipal applications piping material market .......................................4 1.4 Project approach .................................................................................................................6 2.1 Stress-strain relationship in elastic and viscoelastic materials.........................................11 2.2 Schematic presentations of different surge loading profiles, (a) & (b) Sinusoidal, (c) Trapezoidal, and (d) Saw-tooth..............................................................................14 2.3 Permeation percentages for 151 utilities reporting 83,360 total miles (134,155 km) of water mains ............................................................................................................17 2.4 Reported permeation incidents .........................................................................................17 2.5 Leakage cost relationship .................................................................................................20 3.1 Category of survey responses ...........................................................................................23 3.2 Availability of large diameter HDPE in use (based on 96 respondents)..........................24 3.3 Population distribution in each state (based on 29 respondents)......................................25 3.4 Number of respondents reported age distribution of HDPE pipes (based on 31 respondents) ...........................................................................................................26 3.5 Number of respondents reported diameter distribution of HDPE pipes (based on 30 respondents)......................................................................................27 3.6 Number of respondents reported types and diameters of permitted HDPE pipes (based on 32 respondents)......................................................................................28 3.7 Concern/issues for PE4710 (based on 22 respondents)....................................................35 3.8 Concerns/issues for PE3608/3408 (based on 22 respondents) .........................................35 3.9 Factors impacting life cycle costs for PE4710 (based on 26 respondents) ......................36 3.10 Factors impacting life cycle costs for PE3608/3408 (based on 26 respondents) .............36 xiii ©2015 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.PDF Image | Large Diameter HDPE Pipe for Water Main Applications
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