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Hull Scrapings and Marine Coatings as a Source of Microplastics Figure 2.1: Plastics near ghost crab burrows, Cape Vidal World Heritage Site, South Africa Source: AQASS Ltd, (2016). 2.2 Microplastics 2.2.1 Definition Law (2017) broadly defines microplastics as particles less than 5 mm in size, but notes that they “have also been defined as particles smaller than 1 mm (e.g. Browne et al., 2011) and have been functionally defined (at the lower limit) as particles retained by plankton nets or sieves with variable mesh sizes”. Importantly for ecological aspects, Law (2017) discusses that the smallest plastic particles detected are a few microns in size, but that nanometre-sized particles may also exist; however, no reliable detection method as yet exists to detect and identify plastic types. In terms of impacts on species, the size of microplastic particles is important; Almedia (2017) found that microplastics used for toxic effect experiments on fish were too large and for actual effect needed to be reduced to microgram size. Overall, a number of papers and reports define microplastics as those with a size of less than 5 mm. However, if further clarification is sought, see Verschoor (2015), who seeks to provide a more precise definition of microplastics that may be applied during the development of legal / regulatory reduction goals. For this report, the definition of microplastics being less than 5 mm has been adopted; however, it should be noted that when discussed in the biological / bioaccumulation sense, the term “microplastics” includes particles in the order of micrometres (e.g. Phuong, et al., 2017) and nanometres (Law, 2017). 2.2.2 Sources of marine microplastics other than hull scrapings and marine coatings Microplastics have a variety of sources, though research papers tend to highlight terrestrial (freshwater runoff and point source outfall) as major inputs. In this context, in April 2018 the United 5PDF Image | HULL SCRAPINGS AND MARINE COATINGS AS A SOURCE OF MICROPLASTICS
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