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2. Calcination – decomposition occurs in the dry mixture due to the loss of water and carbon dioxide. 3. Clinkering – the mixture then undergoes a transformation in which calcium silicates are formed. These are pieces that are the size of marbles. 4. Cooling – once the mixture leaves the kiln, it is allowed to cool to working temperatures. The cooled clinker is then ground once more, and a compound known as gypsum is added to the mixture. This is in order to regulate the setting of the mixture. In Portland cement, 5% of its chemical composition is the gypsum mineral. The major compounds that make up Portland cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tetracalcium aluminoferrite and gypsum. Once this process is complete, the cement is packaged and stored for use in concrete at a later date. Concrete can be created on site with the use of a rotating metal drum, known aptly as a cement mixture. The cement is rehydrated with water to make a thick consistency and large or fine aggregate is added depending on its intended use. Aggregates are an important part of the concrete mixture as they determine the desired characteristics of the concrete. All aggregates are known to be chemically inert but vary in shapes, sizes and materials. The most commonly used are a mixture of fine sand and coarse stone. They also make up the largest portion of the concrete’s material composition, ideally between 70-80% of the volume. Concrete then must be vibrated, in order to release any air bubbles which may compromise the structural integrity of the material. Once poured, concrete needs at least 28 days to cure to full strength. 6PDF Image | concretes that use polymers as a binder
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