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65 Introduction 66 The high living standards and growing population in the modern world has led to an increasing 67 amount of waste production. Consequently, waste management has become a serious concern 68 globally (Choudhary et al. 2014). The conventional approach of waste management is 69 landfilling. However, this is not a proper solution due to many drawbacks such as high 70 landfilling costs and limited availability of land in many countries (Choudhary et al. 2014). As 71 a result, the need for other solutions for management of wastes is required. One of these 72 approaches is the application of waste materials in industries in which substantial amount of 73 materials is required, such as in civil engineering applications, and in road pavement 74 construction. However, usage of wastes in pavement bases/subbases requires sufficient 75 knowledge about the engineering and geotechnical properties of these waste materials. 76 Annually, approximately 190 million tonnes of plastics is produced in the world, of which 66 77 million tonnes is polyethylene. As an average, 8-12% of the total municipal waste stream 78 consists of plastics. This percentage varies from country to country, depending on factors, such 79 as lifestyle, quality of life and income level (Wong et al. 2015). In Australia, this percentage is 80 estimated to be about 16%, with an annual production of plastics waste of 2.24 million tons in 81 2008 (Bajracharya et al. 2016). Production of plastics has increased annually due to the 82 population growth and industrial applications as well as its low production cost. Plastic wastes 83 are a prime contributor to the increasing amounts of municipal waste (Meran et al. 2008). Two 84 products of the plastic industries are Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and High Density 85 Polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE is stiffer, higher in tensile strength, and better in heat resistance, 86 while LDPE is more flexible (Schwartz 2002). The mechanical properties of HDPE and LDPE 87 including elongation and tensile strength have been reported by Meran et al. (2008). Research 88 on reinforcing civil engineering material with HDPE dates back to early 1990s when Benson 89 and Khire (1994) reinforced sand with HDPE strips and evaluated the geotechnical properties 3PDF Image | Stiffness Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate with Polyethylene Plastic Granules
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