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16 of thumb for sink factors in the surge-surf zone in the ocean environment, especially when it is an installation facing the open ocean. However, experience shows it to be adequate for areas beyond the surge-surf zone with currents less than about 4 knots (0.72 m/sec). The sink factor (K) can be expressed by the formula: K = (weight of pipe + contents) + (weight of concrete anchor in air) (weight of water displaced by pipe) + (weight of water displaced by concrete anchors) If we let: WA = Ws = Wp = Wm = S = V = Wc = K = Total weight of each anchor in Air (kilograms or lbs) Unit weight of pipe contents (kilograms/meter or lbs/ft) Unit weight of pipe (kilograms/meter or lbs/ft) Density of sea water (kilograms/meter3 or lbs/ft3) Spacing selected for weights (meters or ft) 3 3 External unit volume of pipe per unit length (m /m of ft /ft) Density of concrete (kilograms/m3 of lbs/ft 3) A unitless constant (desired ratio of downward force to upward force often referred to as the sink factor) We can rewrite the equation: K= S(Wp+Ws)+WA (1) SVWm=WAWm /Wc rearranging and solving for WA results in the following equation: WA=S(KVWm -Wp -Ws (2) 1-KWm /Wc For the portion of the pipeline through the surge-surf zone, it is a good idea to place as much anchor weight on the pipe which will still allow it to be floated into place when it is filled with air. For practical purposes, this means about 0.8 of that maximum weight. Under these conditions K = 1 and Ws = 0 and the equation simplifies to: WA=0.8S(WmV -Wp ) (3) 1-Wm /Wc 10.3 Ballast anchor design Ballast anchors for HDPE submarine outfalls are usually made of reinforced concrete because of concrete's suitable density and durability in seawater. There are many possible designs, but generally a trapezoidal or square design is used in the open ocean so that the ballast anchor will resist rolling when subject to lateral forces due to currents or wave action. A round collar design is often employed when the outfall will be buried in a trench or is intended to settle downward into aPDF Image | SMALL DIAMETER (HDPE) SUBMARINE OUTFALLS
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