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a) b) 2. 2 HDPE is a relatively soft material, which can be damaged by larger boat anchors that hook and pull the pipe. Its high impact resistance, however, will prevent the pipe from shattering or cracking when struck by an anchor. In areas subject to the direct destructive hydrodynamic forces of severe storms, hurricanes or strong currents, additional protection through burial, encasement in concrete or rip-rap, or mechanically fastening the outfall to the seabed is necessary in the depths affected, as it is with all outfall pipe materials. PLANNING A SUBMARINE OUTFALL Its major disadvantages are: In planning a submarine outfall the first step should be to determine a suitable location for the diffuser. The determination of the location and design of the diffuser for a submarine outfall should be based on obtaining adequate distance from sensitive areas and sufficient depth, dispersion and/or die off of pollutants commensurate with the level of treatment prior to discharge to assure negligible environmental or health impact. This is a topic separate from this document, but the Visual Plumes, the 3-PLUMES, and the RSB for Windows computer programs are strongly recommended to carry out the analysis to determine the location and the basic design of the diffuser. After the diffuser location is determined then the route that the outfall should follow to get there should be established, the necessary internal diameter to accommodate the flows anticipated throughout the useful life of the outfall should be determined, and the method for protecting the outfall against the hydrodynamic forces of the ocean should be designed. The oceanographic information and data that is required to carry this out includes but is not necessarily limited to the following: a) Topography, hydrography, and geomorphology of the sea bed which is used to determine the route of the outfall, b) Wave and current data which are used to determine the method of physically stabilizing the outfall, and c) Current data and salinity temperature profiles of the water column. This is used to determine the location and design of the diffuser, the static hydraulic head, and to the physical stability of the outfall. It is always a good idea to obtain as much information as early as possible. Nautical charts, bathymetric maps, oceanographic maps, SONAR charts and sounding, as bottom samples, meteorological records, oceanographic studies and reports of marine biology are sources of information that can be very useful in establishing a preliminary submarine outfall route. As such they should be sought out. When this information is not available and the magnitude of the project warrants it, it may be necessary to conduct the following type of studies. a) Sonar determined bathymetry with horizontal control linked to a global positioning system. Both the horizontal and vertical precision should be within one meter. b) Side-scan sonar imaging to determine the geomorphology of the seabed. The sensitivity should be adequate to detect anomalies with dimensions as small as 50 cm and it should be capable of evaluating the class of seabed material. c) Visual imaging of the possible outfall routes by use of video.PDF Image | SMALL DIAMETER (HDPE) SUBMARINE OUTFALLS
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