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Recycling 2021, 6, 18 16 of 19 5. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research Few studies have assessed the effect of added particles’ length on concrete properties. This study has contributed to the understanding of the optimal percentages and sizes of HDPE in the shape of lamellar particles in concrete. Our study contributes to showing the effect that HDPE additions have in terms of size and percentage on concrete qualities to improve its use and exploitation and to design the concrete mix design process. Some important findings are: (1). This study evaluated the use of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% HDPE lamellar particle additions at sizes of 10 × 10 mm, 0.5 × 20 mm, and 2.5 × 40 mm incorporated into three concrete types (B0, f’c10, and f’c25). The f’c10 MPa concrete performed best in response to the addition of lamellar particles, whereas 5% was the optimal HDPE content, and 5 × 20 mm was the optimal size. (2). All variants of HDPE lamellar particles described can be used with f’c10 MPa con- crete. However, only 5 × 20 mm HDPE sheets should be used with B0 and f’c25 MPa concrete. (3). Future research should investigate f’c10 MPa to determine the effects of different percentage additions and material composition into concrete mixes. Additionally, further work is needed to identify whether similar effects apply to different plastic shapes. More testing could explore the valuation of physical concrete properties, e.g., water porosity. Author Contributions: T.; conceptualization, design and analysis, investigation, initial draft, visual- ization; J.N.; draft preparation, administration process, and the editing process. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Data Availability Statement: All data is contained within the article. Acknowledgments: We thank our colleagues in the Department of Civil Engineering, Mulawarman University, who help and provide us their insight and suggestions that greatly assisted our research. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest associated with this publication. There has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. Appendix A Table A1. Compressive and Tensile Test Results of 156 Specimens Used. HDPE Addition B0 B0-HDPE 2.5% 10 × 10 mm 5 × 20 mm 2.5 × 40 mm B0-HDPE 5% 10 × 10 mm 5 × 20 mm 2.5 × 40 mm B0-HDPE 10% 10 × 10 mm 5 × 20 mm 2.5 × 40 mm B0-HDPE 20% 10 × 10 mm 5 × 20 mm 2.5 × 40 mm Compressive Test (MPa) Number of Specimens 1 2 Average 6.40 6.30 6.35 6.30 6.70 6.50 6.80 7.00 6.90 6.80 6.60 6.70 6.40 6.60 6.50 7.40 7.40 7.40 7.15 7.25 7.20 5.90 6.00 5.95 6.90 6.90 6.90 6.40 6.42 6.41 5.20 5.20 5.20 6.20 6.20 6.20 5.50 5.45 5.48 Tensile Test (MPa) Number of Specimens 1 2 Average 0.60 0.68 0.64 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.70 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.64 0.60 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.60 0.60 0.60PDF Image | Recycled HDPE Plastic Additions on Concrete Performance
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