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Recycling 2021, 6, 18 13 of 19 that the percentage and HDPE sizes behaved differently on concrete strength. Although all sizes of HDPE lamellar had an equal surface area (1 cm2), they produced a different response. In this case, we found that for all concrete classes, the addition of HDPE up to 5% showed higher tensile strength compared to other percentages (above the baseline), and the “5 × 20 mm” was the best shape compared to the size of “10 × 10 mm” and ”2.5 × 40 mm”. This finding aligned with the compressive strength results shown in Figure 8a–c, where the 5% addition and “5 × 20 mm” strength value was above the normal concrete quality. This graph also indicates that f’c10 concrete gave a better response to the increase in concrete quality compared to B0 and f’c25, where in all percentage additions and different lamellar shapes, the value was above the normal concrete. In addition, for the compaction, Figure 9a,b shows a two-dimensional (2D) image of Recycling 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 21 HDPE positions in the concrete mixture. The lamellar particles with sizes of “10 × 10 mm” and “5 × 20 mm” remained unaffected by coarse aggregate pressure during casting. When tested for compressive strength, the broken piece of concrete was then observed visually. Thesize of10×1100mmaanndd55××202m0mmseesemeemdetdotpoapckacaknadnbdobnodntdogtoetgheethrewriwthithethceoncocrnectreete mixtureinastraighttposiittiion..Hooweevvere,r,weefofouunnddththataththee“2“.25.5××404m0m”ms”hseheteebtebcaemcaeme curved during casttiing((FFigiguurree99cc).).TThhoouugghhthtihsiscocnodnidtiotinondedpeepnednsdosnotnhtehdeifdfeifrfenret natnagnlegsles of lamellar particles andtthellevelloffccooaarrsseeaagggrreeggaateteppreresssuurerererceeceiviveedddduurirninggcacsatsitningg, t,he rtheseurletsuslhtsowsheodwtehdatththaet 5th×e 520×m20mmsmpescpimeceinmsepnesrpfoermfoermdebdetbterttceormcopmarpeadretod2to.52×.54×04m0m. mm. Straight HDPE position (a) Bending HDPE position Straight HDPE position (b) (c) Figure 9. 2D images of HDPE in concrete: (a) 10 × 10 mm; (b) 5 × 20 mm; (c) 2.5 × 40 mm. Figure 9. 2D images of HDPE in concrete: (a) 10 × 10 mm; (b) 5 × 20 mm; (c) 2.5 × 40 mm. 4. DiscussiionandAnaalylyssisis 4.1. Relationship between HDPE Additions and Slump Value 4.1. Relationship between HDPE Additions and Slump Value The concrete workability indicates the consistency of the concrete mix during the The concrete workability indicates the consistency of the concrete mix during the work. work. It relates to the degree of its compaction provided by the external (contact with the It relates to the degree of its compaction provided by the external (contact with the surface) surface) and internal friction (given by the aggregate size, shape, grading). The use of ad- and internal friction (given by the aggregate size, shape, grading). The use of admixtures, mixtures, e.g., plastics could also affect the compaction. The fact that plastic materials are e.g., plastics could also affect the compaction. The fact that plastic materials are generally generally lightweight and resistant to weather, means that they can be considered as suit- lightweight and resistant to weather, means that they can be considered as suitable additive able additive materials for concrete [19]. Previous studies indicated that added materials, materials for concrete [19]. Previous studies indicated that added materials, including including plastics, can improve the properties of concrete given appropriate percentage plastics, can improve the properties of concrete given appropriate percentage mixes [9,28]. mixes [9,28]. In this case, the addition of plastic can improve toughness and energy ab- sorption at post-cracking [41,42]. Further, given the very poor biodegradability of plastic, i.e., HDPE, can not only improve the long-term performance of concrete structures but it can also contribute to environmental sustainability and performance of the construction industry [43,44].PDF Image | Recycled HDPE Plastic Additions on Concrete Performance
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