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last two columns show the changes in slump and the air entrainment measured on the fresh concrete mixes. As expected, the addition of fibres reduces workability (slump) but, using the air entrainment meter, an increase in the air content within the fresh concrete mix of about 0.1 ÷ 0.2% was detected with HDPE fibres present. This is due to the fact that, with nominally the same time and effort for vibro-compacting specimens of every mix, the concrete with fibres was somewhat less compacted than the plain concrete. The following list of concrete specimens (for each of seven mixes) outlines the scope of the experimental testing programme: • 18 cubes (size 100 mm) to evaluate development of the compressive strength of concrete until the 90 days of age; • 3 cylinders (size Ø 100 mm; h = 200 mm) for determination of the elastic modulus and cylinder compressive strength (28 days of age), Euronorm 12390:13 [27]; • 6 cylinders (size Ø 100 mm; h = 200 mm) for the split tensile strength tests (28 and 90 days of age), Euronorm 12390:6 [28]); • 3 cubes (size 150 mm) for the water permeability tests of concrete at the age of 45 days, Euronorm 12390:8 [29]; • 2 prisms (size 500 × 100 × 100 mm) - one for determining the flexural rupture modulus from the three-point bending test (at the age of 28 days) and the other for the four-point bending tests to obtain flexural load-deflection ductility curves (at the age of 60 days); • 5 prisms (size 250 × 50 × 50 mm) for continuous free drying shrinkage measurements; • 1 block (dimensions 560 × 350 × 100 mm) for the restrained plastic shrinkage crack for- mation, ASTM C1579 [30]. The tests on cubes, cylinders, prisms and blocks were carried out over the 90 days period. Due to the different nature of these tests, the measuring equipment, testing protocols and instru- mentation adopted for each test are briefly described in the corresponding section discussing the experimental results. 3. Experimental results and discussion 3.1. Mechanical properties of concrete For all seven mixtures, the experimentally determined elastic modulus, Ec, characteristic compressive cube and cylinder strengths, fck (cube) and fck (cyl), the cylinder split tensile strength, fct(cyl) and flexural tensile strength (rupture modulus), fctm, from the 28 and/or 90 days old concrete specimens are listed in Table 4. The development of the cube compressive strengths is additionally plotted versus time in Fig. 5. The results confirm that the presence of HDPE fibres has no clear influence on the elastic modulus and compressive strength of concrete. Regardless of the amount and the diameter of the added fibres, early compressive strength of plain concrete remained higher than that 5PDF Image | Mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with recycled HDPE
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