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384 Chapter 10 Marine Installations and methodology may be required depending on the specifics of the project under consideration. However, through a basic understanding of the benefits of PE pipe in marine installations and a fundamental understanding of the installation flexibility that they provide, it can be seen that PE pipe systems are a proven choice for modern, durable marine piping structures. References 1. Janson, Lars-Eric. (1990, Sept 10-13). Review of Design and Experience With Thermoplastic Outfall Piping, ASTM STP 1093, Compendium of papers presented at the Buried Plastic Pipe Technology Symposium, Dallas, TX. 2. Berndtson, B. (1992, Sept 21-24). Polyethylene Submarine Outfall Lines, Paper presented at Plastics Pipes VIII, a symposium held in Koningshof, the Netherlands, and included in the Book of Proceedings for this symposium as published by The Plastics and Rubber Institute, London. 3. Janson, Lars-Eric. (1986). The Utilization of Plastic Pipe for Submarine Outfalls—State of The Art, Water Science and Technology ,Great Britain, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp 171-176. 4. Janson, Lars-Eric. (1996). Plastics Pipe for Water Supply and Sewage Disposal, published by Borealis, Sven axelsson AB/Affisch & Reklamtryck AB, Boras, Sewede. Appendix A-1 Derivation of the Equation for the Determining of the Buoyant Force Acting on a Submerged PE Pipe (Equation 2 in the Text) The first bracketed term in Equation 2, namely [0.00545D20ρW], is one commonly used form of the formula for obtaining a numerical value for the term WDW in Equation 1, the weight of water that is displaced by the submerged PE pipe. This displaced weight is equivalent to the lift force acting on a submerged pipe that has an infinitely thin wall and that is completely filled with air. The sum of the three terms within the second set of brackets expresses the reduction of this potential lift force in consequence of the weight of the pipe (the first term) and that of its contents (the second term). As is evident from inspection of Equation 2, the extent to which the inner volume of a pipe is occupied by air (represented by the fraction R) exerts the more significant effect on resultant pipe buoyancy. Since a decrease in pipe DR (i.e., an increase in pipe wall thickness) results in a decrease in potential air volume space, a lower DR tends to reduce the potential buoyancy that can result from air filling. 1. The net buoyant (upward acting force) acting on a submerged PE pipe is: (1) FB = [Wp + Wc] -WDW WHERE FB = buoyant force, lbs/foot of pipe Wp = weight of pipe, lbs/foot of pipe Wc = weight of pipe contents, lbs/foot of pipe WDW = weight of the water displaced by the pipe, lbs/foot of pipePDF Image | Marine Installations PE
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