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Chapter 10 375 Marine Installations prevent water from entering. In this respect, effluent outfall lines require special consideration. Effluent outfalls usually terminate in one or more diffuser sections. Diffusers can be of different designs such as a “Y” or “T” outlet, a pipe length in which holes have been drilled on top of the pipe within 10 and 2 o’clock, or a pipe length onto which vertical risers consisting of short sections of smaller diameter PE pipe have been fused. Diffusers are often designed for connection to the pipe by means of flange assemblies. The connection can be made prior to launching, or by divers after the pipeline has been submerged. When a diffuser is attached prior to launching, it is necessary to float the diffuser higher up over the water by means of some additional buoyancy. This is necessary to prevent water from entering the pipe through the diffuser openings. This additional buoyancy is released as the pipe is sunk into position. Extreme care should be taken in the submersion of a marine line with an engineered diffuser attached to the pipeline which is being sunk in place. The sinking process can create considerable stresses on the fittings that may be inherent to the design of the diffuser itself such as flanges, tees and/or other mechanical connections. A preferred method when placing a highly engineered diffuser into an HDPE marine pipeline is to first sink the flanged effluent pipe and then submerge the diffuser separately in easily controlled segments which may be connected to the main effluent pipe underwater using qualified diving contractors. A pipe end that does not terminate in a diffuser section is best closed against entering water by attaching a blind flange assembly. The flange assembly consists of a PE stub end that is butt fused to the pipe end on which has been bolted a slip-on metal flange. A number of required tapped holes are drilled on the blind flange so as to allow for the installation of valves and other fittings required to control the sinking operation. (See the section on submersion of the pipeline.)PDF Image | Marine Installations PE
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