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The required submerged weight of the ballasts can be determined frMoamrinethInestallations (5) B A B B W W (Eq. 5) (Eq. 4) TABLE 9.2 Commonly Used Values for the Spacing of Ballasts following: B Ws (Eq. 4) NomWinal Pipe Diameter, in Approximate Spacing (L), ft L The requireUdpsutbom1e2rged weight of the ballasts can be determine5d ftroom10the following: Over12, up to 24 7.5 to 15 (4) WBhe=re BW =XwLeight of ballast in water, lbs W WS Over 24, up to 64 10 to 20 Ws = required submerged weighting by ballasts, lbs per foot WHERE L = center to center spacing between ballasts, feet Source: Committee Report: Design and Installation of PE Pipe, Journal AWWA, Volume 91, BW = weight of ballast in water, lbs Issue 2, February, 1999, page 92. W = required submerged weighting by ballasts, lbs per foot s The resultant dry weight of the ballast depends on the density of the ballast L = center to center spacing between ballasts, feet material as compared to that of the water into which the ballast is to be The resultant dry weight of the ballast depends on the density of the ballast material submerged: The required submerged weight of the ballasts can be determined from the as compared to that of the water into which the ballast is to be submerged: following: Chapter 10 369 WHERE B A ρ = weight of ballast in air, lbs ρ L = c~e1n5te0r ftorcrenintefrorscpeadc)ing between ballasts, feet W = density of water, lbs/ cu ft B Ws(=~1re4q4ulibrse/dcusufbtmfoerrpgleadinwceoignhcrtienteg,by ballasts, lbs per foot = density of water, lbs/ cu ft (~62.3 lbs/cu ft for fresh water, ~64.0 lbs/cu ft for sea water) W BW = Bs W L Where B = weight of ballast in air, lbs A Wh eBr=e Bden=sitwyeoigfhbtaollfasbta,llbas/tciun.wftater, lbs W = density of ballast, lbs/cu. ft (~144 lbs/cu ft for plain concrete, ~ 150 for reinforced) TSihnecerethseulwtaenigthdt royf aw(~be6ail2gla.h3st locbafsnt/nhcouet bfbtaeflclolaorssfterdleyesphreewnddaictsteeord,notrhreadeinlysiatdyjuosftetdh,eitbisallast maotrerpiaralcatiscaclotmo tpuanre~di6n4tto.h0ethlfibansta/ocl ufwtefhitgefhowtrinasgtetaroiwtnhateoterwerq)huicrehdthvaelubeabllyasatdijusstoinbge s t u h e b md i e s t r a g n e c d e : b e t w e e n b a l l a s t s o f k n o w n w e i g h t . T o t h i s e n d t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a , SincedtehrievewdebiyghcotmofbianibnagllEaqsutactaionnnso4tabnedc5l,omseaylybperuesdeidc:ted or readily adjusted it is Ws B more praLct ical to tune in tρhe final weighting to the re(qEuqir.e6d)value by adjusting the (6) B = B B (Eq. 5) Wa ρ ABWW distance betwesen ballBasts of known weight. To this end the following formula, L = (ρ − ρ ) (Eq. 6) (ρ −ρ ) BW derived by coBmbining Equations 4 and 5, may be used: a Where B = weight of ballast in air, lbs BW 2.3.6SDteepsi3gnf aDnedscigonastnrducCtoionnstorfucbtaiollnasotfwBeailglahstts W– eTioghptrsevent cracking of A = density of ballast, lbs/cu. ft B ballasts when handling, tightening and moving PE pipe, they are typically made To prevent cracking of ballasts when handling, tightening and moving PE pipe, they 2.3.6 Design and construction of ballast weights – To prevent cracking of (~144 lbs/cu ft for plain concrete, 9 of suitably reinforced concrete. Ballasts can be made to different shapes, although are typically made of suitably reinforced concrete. Ballasts can be made to different ballasts when handling, tightening and moving PE pipe, they are typically made ~ 150 for reinforced) a symmetrical design such as round, square, or hexagonal is preferred to avoid shapes, although a symmetrical design such as round, square, or hexagonal is of suitably reinforced concrete. Ballasts can be made to different shapes, although W = density of water, lbs/ cu ft twisting during submersion. Flat-bottomed ballasts are preferred if the submerged preferred to avoid twisting during submersion. Flat-bottomed ballasts are preferred a symmetrical design such as round, square, or hexagonal is preferred to avoid (~62.3 lbs/cu ft for fresh water, piping is likely to be subjected to significant currents, tides or wave forces if the submerged piping is likely to be subjected to significant currents, tides or wave twisting during submersion. Flat-bottomed ballasts are preferred if the submerged ~64.0 lbs/cu ft for sea water) becaufosrecetshebyechaueslpe tphreeyvheenlpt tporresvieontatlormsionvaelmeonvtemofentht eofptihpeep. ipe. piping is likely to be subjected to significant currents, tides or wave forces becauAslesot,hweyhehneslupchprceovnednittiotnosrsairoenlaiklemlyotoveomcceunr,ttohfe tbhaellapsitps es.hould place the pipeline Since the weight of a ballast cannot be closely predicted or readily adjusted it is Also, when such conditions are likely to occur the ballasts should place the at a distance of at least one-quarter of the pipe diameter above the sea or river bed. more practical to tune in the final weighting to the required value by adjusting the pipeline at a distance of at least one-quarter of the pipe diameter above the sea or Also,Twhehleifntinsugcfhorceocnaduistieodnbsyarraepildikwealytertomocvceumretnht ethbaat lilsaasttsa rsihgohut ladngplleatcoeatphiepe distance between ballasts of known weight. To this end the following formula, river bed. The lifting force caused by rapid water movement that is at a right angle pipeltihnaetaretsatsdoinst,aonrcisecolofsaettoleasetaoonrer-iqvuera-rbtedriosfsitghneifipciapnetldyigarmeaetteerrthaabnovtheathwehsiceha or derived by combining Equations 4 and 5, may be used: to a pipe that rests on, or is close to a sea or river-bed is significantly greater than riverabcetsdo.nTahepilpiefttihnagt ifsoprclaececdauatseadgrbeyaterarpdidstawnacetefromotvhembedn.tTthiastmiseantsathriagtht angle that which acts on a pipe that is placed at a greater distance from the bed. This to a pbiaplelatshtsadterseisgtnseodnto, ogriviesacnlospentospaasceabeotrwreievnetrh-beepdipiesasnidgnthifeicbaendtwlyilgl greivaeterristehan means that ballasts designed to give an open space between the pipe and the bed that wtohsimchalalecrtslifotinga fpoirpces.that is placed at a greater distance from the bed. This will give rise to smaller lifting forces. means that ballasts designed to give an open space between the pipe and the bed 9 will give rise to smaller lifting forces. For example, in accordance with the calculation procedure developed by Janson (See Appendix A-2) the lifting force that develops on a 12 in. PE pipe that is For example, in accordance with the calculation procedure developed by JansonPDF Image | Marine Installations PE
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