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360 Chapter 10 Marine Installations Ductility (strainability) – Because of its relatively high strain capacity, PE piping can safely adjust to variable external forces generated by wave and current action. High strain capacity also allows the PE piping to safely shift or bend to accommodate itself to altered bedding that can result by the underscouring that may sometimes occur with strong wave and current actions. Conventional, non-flexible materials such as concrete or iron pipe can only afford relatively small deformations before risking leakage at, or structural failure of, the joints. As the exact magnitude of the maximum forces that can act on rigid pipes is difficult to predict, installations using piping that only allows relatively small deformation at the joints, or limited bending strain in the pipe, requires a large “safety factor,” such as a relatively heavy loading to stabilize the pipe against movement, or the trenching of the pipe into sea bed sediments so as to stabilize it against movement that can result from heavy sea action. Such construction techniques tend to be more difficult, time-consuming and relatively expensive. In contrast, the flexibility and ductility of PE allows it to adapt to unconsolidated river and sea bottoms, and also to safely shift or bend under the forces resulting from occasionally strong currents or other actions. For most marine installations, PE piping needs only to be sufficiently weighted to keep it at the intended location and to prevent it from floating. This results in easier and less costly installations and in a submerged piping system that is capable of delivering very reliable and durable service. By choosing PE pipes, many projects have been accomplished which would not have been economically realistic with traditional piping materials. The lower overall cost of PE piping installations allows for the option of installing several small outfalls rather than one large one. Multiple outfalls can achieve greater environmental protection by the discharging of smaller quantities of effluent at separated points of discharge, and their use often results in lower onshore pretreatment costs. A marine pipeline installation may involve considerable risk to the pipeline integrity both during installation and while in service. Guidance provided herein on the design and installation of PE piping is limited to those issues that are specific or are related to thisPDF Image | Marine Installations PE
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