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J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of 28 (4) using cement-polymer coating (epoxy resin + cement). J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 26 22 of 28 If compared to the other methods, the cement-polymer coating technique has been claimed to give the best result in most cases, increasing friction between reinforcement and substrate and If compared to the other methods, the cement-polymer coating technique has been claimed to give consequently reducing the relative displacement. Nevertheless, this remark cannot be fully the best result in most cases, increasing friction between reinforcement and substrate and consequently generalized since the variation of loads and environmental conditions can suggest different reducing the relative displacement. Nevertheless, this remark cannot be fully generalized since the variation of loads and environmental conditions can suggest different strategies. Repairing techniques, especially in the case of emergency repairs, are in continuous evolution strategies. Repairing techniques, especially in the case of emergency repairs, are in continuous evolution aiming to develop new adaptable and versatile methods. To date, several fiber-reinforced composites aiming to develop new adaptable and versatile methods. To date, several fiber-reinforced composites are now available to achieve an effective restoration of damaged marine structures. As an example, are now available to achieve an effective restoration of damaged marine structures. As an example, a a wearable FRP jacket able to provide support to any pillars is proposed in [54]. This solution consists wearable FRP jacket able to provide support to any pillars is proposed in [54]. This solution consists of of a coating that can be installed around a damaged pillar, without using prepregs layers or even in- a coating that can be installed around a damaged pillar, without using prepregs layers or even in-situ situ impregnated fibers. High-density polyethylene pipes cut along the longitudinal direction are impregnated fibers. High-density polyethylene pipes cut along the longitudinal direction are used used and glass or nylon reinforcing fibers arranged in a transverse direction. The polyethylene pipe and glass or nylon reinforcing fibers arranged in a transverse direction. The polyethylene pipe is very is very flexible, allowing it to be applied to the pillar without the use of hinges and without incurring flexible, allowing it to be applied to the pillar without the use of hinges and without incurring fractures fractures of the material. Figure 7 shows the scheme of the reinforcing jacket applied to the wooden of the material. Figure 7 shows the scheme of the reinforcing jacket applied to the wooden pillar. pillar. Figure 7. (a) scheme of pillar repair jacket, (b) example of installation of the jacket within the tidal Figure 7. (a) scheme of pillar repair jacket, (b) example of installation of the jacket within the tidal zone [54]. zone [54]. The coating layer present external undulations, necessary to increase the stiffness and strength of The coating layer present external undulations, necessary to increase the stiffness and strength the structure and to facilitate joining and fixing operations. The reinforcement fibers are placed inside of the structure and to facilitate joining and fixing operations. The reinforcement fibers are placed the undulations. The junction between the substrate and the reinforcement is guaranteed by concrete, inside the undulations. The junction between the substrate and the reinforcement is guaranteed by which acts as a filler to repair any cracks on the surface and as a binder. FRP composites are being concrete, which acts as a filler to repair any cracks on the surface and as a binder. FRP composites are increasingly used not only as reinforcement or repairing materials but also as a structural element for being increasingly used not only as reinforcement or repairing materials but also as a structural the construction of pillars in marine environments replacing aluminum, steel, wood, and PVC. Recent element for the construction of pillars in marine environments replacing aluminum, steel, wood, and literature points out that five types of composite pillars are currently used as showed in Figure 8 [65]: PVC. Recent literature points out that five types of composite pillars are currently used as showed in Figure 8 [65]:PDF Image | Marine Application of Fiber Reinforced Composites
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