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Mapping of global plastics value chain and plastics losses to the environment With a particular focus on marine environment 1.3. Report structure The report is structured in a logical manner where Chapter 1 and 2 provides a general introduction to the plastic value chain and the problem with marine plastics. Chapter 2 also provides information on the central actors related to the global plastics value chain. Chapter 3 to 5 provides a comprehensive overview of global plastics production, use, and end-of-life. Information on the plastics is distributed into 23 plastic types, 13 plastic applications, and 11 geographical regions. Chapter 6 provides detailed calculations and estimates on the losses of plastics to the environment related to production, use, and end-of-life stage of the plastic value chain. Section 6.4 gives a full overview of all losses and the magnitude of the different losses relative to total losses to the environment. Chapter 7 provides an overview of studies reporting findings of plastics in the oceans. The findings are related to the losses estimated in Chapter 6 to get an idea about the plastic types lost to the environment which actually reach the marine environment. Chapter 8 provides a brief review of potential environmental impacts related to macroplastics and microplastics in the oceans. The chapter presents they main effects related to macro- and microplastics. Moreover, the most problematic types of microplastics and macroplastics are indicated. Chapter 9 provides an overview of the hotspots in the plastic value chain. Hotspots were defined based on the estimates of (i) plastic losses to the environment; (ii) a screening review of findings of plastics in the oceans; and (iii) a review of potential impacts of different plastics on the marine environment. Hence, Chapter 9 draws on the findings of Ch. 6, Ch.7, and Ch. 8. Chapter 10 presents further research needs required for improving the assessment. This includes improved data for quantifying losses of plastics to the environment. The need for models to characterize the fate and effect of plastics on the marine environment are also highlighted. Chapter 11 provides recommendations on how to reduce losses of plastics and potential impacts on the marine environment based on the findings of the report. 1 Introduction | 21PDF Image | Mapping of global plastics value chain
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