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Mapping of global plastics value chain and plastics losses to the environment With a particular focus on marine environment soles, exterior paints, and road markings. Figure S2 illustrates those trends through a Sankey diagram. It links the identified sources of micro- and macroplastic losses to their receiving environmental compartment, whenever that one could be specified (see dotted arrows, where no data could be retrieved). For abrasion of tyres, the most contributing regions are North America, China, Asia (excluding Japan, India, and China), and Western Europe which account for 20%, 18%, 14%, and 13% of the total losses, respectively. Losses related to city dust are driven by population number and the regions most associated with losses of these microplastics are Africa, Asia (excluding Japan, India, and China), China, and India which account for 22%, 21%, 20%, and 14% of the total losses, respectively. The primary sources of macroplastic losses stem from mismanaged MSW which account for about half of all macroplastics lost to the environment. The macroplastics from mismanaged MSW lost to the environment primarily stem from Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East which all have a high level of plastic consumption and harbor a large fraction of inadequately managed MSW. For microplastics, the most contributing regions were North America, China, Asia (excluding Japan, India, and China), and Western Europe which account Marine coating weathering City dust Road marking abrasion Tyre abrasion Microfibers, textile washing Microbeads, cosmetics & personal care products Plastic production and handling Fishing nets & related losses Littering Mismanaged waste treatment Figure S2. Sources of plastic losses and the environmental compartments to which the plastics are lost 12 | Technical summary for 16%, 20%, 14%, and 11% of the total microplastic losses, respectively. The losses of microplastics are mainly driven by large population and per-capita plastic consumption in these regions (more information on geographical contribution is provided in table S2). Measurements and models providing a link between losses to the environment and subsequent releases of plastics to the oceans are lacking. As an alternative, a bottom-up approach was applied where findings of plastics in the environment were compared to the estimated losses of plastics to the environment. This bottom-up approach generally showed a good correspondence between the lost plastic types estimated in this study and those reported to be found in the oceans. With regard to macroplastics, the majority of plastics- related findings in the ocean or in coastal areas can be attributed to general consumer goods for recreational activities and fishing- and maritime-related activities that have been lost through either littering or inadequate waste management. The plastics found corresponded well with the main sources of macroplastics that are related to maritime activities and short-lived consumer goods ending up in MSW systems, including packaging. Marine, 0.65 Mt Unknown fraction going to marine environment. The fraction is a result of transport and transformation of the lost plastics in the environment Freshwater/ Marine 0.28 Mt Soil/ Freshwater/ Marine 7.36 Mt Macroplastics MicroplasticsPDF Image | Mapping of global plastics value chain
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