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Review RSC Advances OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PMMA Polymethylmethacrylate EC Effective concentration HOC Hydrophobic organic chemicals PBS Polybutylene succinate LDPE Low-density polyethylene PU Polyurethane FEM Finite element methods CAD Computer aided design GD Generative design CAID Computer aided industrial design 3DP Three-dimensional printing AM Additive manufacturing CAD Computed aided design NANO- Nanollers TiO2 Funding This work was conducted within the SeaBioComp project, which has received funding from Interreg 2 Seas Mers Zee ̈en program 2014–2020 co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund under subsidy contract No. 2S06-006. Conflicts of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing nancial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to inuence the work presented in this review paper. References 1 R. J. Hofmann, M. Vlatkovic and F. Wiesbrock, Polymers, 2017, 9, 534. 2 N. Sazali, H. Ibrahim, A. S. Jamaludin, M. A. Mohamed, W. N. W. Salleh and M. N. Z. Abidin, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2020, 788, 012047. 3 S. Walker and R. Rothman, J. Cleaner Prod., 2020, 261, 121158. 4 D. M. Whitacre, Occurrence, Degradation, and Effect of Polymer-Based Materials in the Environment, 2014, vol. 227. 5 S. A. for P. by E. A. SAPEA, SAPEA, A Scientic Perspective on Microplastics in Nature and Society, Berlin, 2019. 6 G. Everaert, M. De Rijcke, B. Lonneville, C. R. Janssen, T. Backhaus, J. Mees, E. van Sebille, A. A. Koelmans, A. I. Catarino and M. B. Vandegehuchte, Environ. Pollut., 2020, 267, 115499. 7 L. Zhao and Y. Yin, Proc. Int. Offshore Polar Eng. Conf., 2018, 27–34. 8 A. G. S. Morton, Marine Corrosion, Elsevier Ltd., 1982. 9 T. A. Hottle, M. M. Bilec and A. E. Landis, Resour., Conserv. Recycl., 2017, 122, 295–306. 10 H.-y. Cheung, M.-p. Ho, K.-t. Lau, F. Cardona and D. Hui, Composites, Part B, 2009, 40, 655–663. 11 T. Gurunathan, S. Mohanty and S. K. Nayak, Composites, Part A, 2015, 77, 1–25. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry 12S. B. Roy, D. S. C. Shit, D. R. A. Sen Gupta and D. P. R. Shukla, Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2014, 03, 16814–16824. 13 O. Akampumuza, P. M. Wambua, A. Ahmed, W. Li and X. H. Qin, Polym. Compos., 2017, 38, 2553–2569. 14 K. N. Bharath and S. Basavarajappa, Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., 2016, 23, 123–133. 15 A. Siriruk and D. Penumadu, Effect of Sea Water on Polymeric Marine Composites, Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, in Durability of Composites in a Marine Environment, ed. P. Davies and Y. Rajapakse, Springer, Dordrecht, 2014, vol. 208. 16 P. Davies and Y. D. S. Rajapakse, Solid Mech. Its Appl., 2017, E1. 17 T. Hofstatter, D. B. Pedersen, G. Tosello and H. N. Hansen, Challenges and opportunities of bre-reinforced polymers in additive manufacturing with focus on industrial applications, in Proceedings of the Joint Special Interest Group meeting between euspen and ASPE: Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Finish in Additive Manufacturing., The European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, euspen and ASPE Special Interest Group Meeting: Additive Manufacturing, Leuven, Belgium, 2017. 18 J. Graham-Jones and J. Summerscales, Mar. Appl. Adv. Fibre- Reinforced Compos., 2016, 1–15. 19 R. Pemberton, J. Summerscales and J. Graham-Jones, Mar. Compos., 2019, xvii–xxi. 20 E. V. Creamer, Splash Zone Protection of Marine Structures, Paper presented at the, Offshore Technology Conference, April 1970. 21 H. N. Dhakal, Z. Y. Zhang and M. O. W. Richardson, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2007, 67, 1674–1683. 22 A. Moudood, A. Rahman, A. O ̈chsner, M. Islam and G. Francucci, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 2018, 38, 323–339. 23 ASTM International, Z. N. Azwa, B. F. Yousif, A. C. Manalo, W. Karunasena, H. Lintsen, F. Veraart, J. P. Smits, J. Grin, L. Shen, J. Haufe, M. K. Patel, F. Gironi, V. Piemonte, European Bioplastics, W. F. Spencer, M. M. Cliath, M. van den Oever, K. Molenveld, M. van der Zee, H. Bos, E. T. H. Vink, D. A. Glassner, J. J. Kolstad, R. J. Wooley, R.P.O'Connor,A.Kormut’ ́ak,V.Cˇamek,M.Brann ́a, M. Cˇelkov ́a, B. Vookov ́a, P. Manˇka, M. Galg ́oci, P. Boleˇcek, D. G ̈om ̈ory, J. Manyika, M. Chui, J. Bughin, S. Project and P. Number, Folia Oecologica, 2013, 3, 424–442. 24 M. Deroin ́e, A. Le Duigou, Y.-M. Corre, P.-Y. Le Gac, P. Davies, G. C ́esar and S. Bruzaud, Polym. Test., 2014, 39, 70–78. 25 C. Baley, M. Gomina, J. Breard, A. Bourmaud and P. Davies, Ind. Crops Prod., 2020, 145, 111984. 26 A. S. Virk, W. Hall and J. Summerscales, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2010, 70, 995–999. 27 G. Cicala, G. Cristaldi, G. Recca and A. Latteri, Woven Fabr. Eng., 2010, 317–342. 28 Y. Li, Y.-W. Mai and L. Ye, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2000, 60, 2037–2055. 29 D. Zhang, N. R. Milanovic, Y. Zhang, F. Su and M. Miao, Composites, Part B, 2014, 60, 186–192. RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 32917–32941 | 32937PDF Image | Long-term durability and ecotoxicity of biocomposites in marine environments
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