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Review RSC Advances Table 1 Summarised information of representative additives used in biopolymers and biocompositesa Category of additives Plasticisers Molecular log Kow Water Registered Polymeric weightb or solubilityb in applications CASb (g mol1) log Kpb (mg L1) REACH?b BioPP, TPS, 56-81- 92.09 1.75 1000 g L1 Yes BioPET, PVA 5 composites BioPP, PLA 57-55- 76.09 1.07 100 vol% at Yes 6 20C BioPP 57-50- 342.3 Pre- 1 registered BioPP 50-70- 182.17 Pre- 4 registered PLA, PHB 60-01- 302.36 Pre- 5 registered PLA 77-90- 402.5 4.29– 4.49 mg L1 Yes 7 4.92 at at 20 C 20–40 C PLA 77-93- 276.28 1.17 at 58.1 g L1 at Yes 0 40C 20 C PLA 25322- 0.698 256.084 g L1 Yes 68-3 at25C at 25 C PLA 79917- 174.67 — — Yes 90-1 BioPET 77-94- 360.4 3.5 at 23 102.7 mg L1 Yes 1 C at 20 C BioPET 8001- 933.4 Pre- 79-4 registered PLA 102- 218.2 0.25– 58gL1 at25 Yes 76-1 0.36 C PLA 103- 370.6 8.94 at 3.2 mg L1 at Yes 23-1 25C 22 C Ready biodegradabilityb Readily biodegradable (100%) Readily biodegradable (100%) Readily biodegradable (50%), Inherently biodegradable (50%) Readily biodegradable (100%) Readily biodegradable (100%) — Example substances Glycerol Propylene glycol (PG) Sucrose (a-D-Glc- (1/2)-b-D-Fru) D-Sorbitol (D- glucitol) Tributyrin (glycerol tributyrate) Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) Triethyl citrate (TEC) Polyethylene glycol (peg) 1-Butyl-3- methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl) Tributyl citrate (TBC) Castor oil Triacetin (glyceryl triacetate) Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate Biphenyl-2-ol Ammonium polyphosphate Expandable graphite Magnesium hydroxide Aluminum hydroxide Zinc borate BioPET 90-43- 170.21 3.18 7 22.5 BioPP, TPS, wood 14728- polymer 39-3 composites; wood our-PP composites; PP- bamboo bre semi- biocomposites Wood our-PP composites BioPP; natural 1309- 58.32 1.65 bre –PP 42-8 composites Natural bre–PP 21645- 78.004 composites 51-2 313.8 at 560 mg L1 at Yes C 20 C Pre- registered 9mgL1 at18 Yes C Practically Yes insoluble in water Readily biodegradable but failing the day window (100%) Readily biodegradable (100%) Readily biodegradable (100%) Readily biodegradable (100%) Aquatic toxicityb LC50 (EC50) values > 885 mg L1 96hEC50is 19100 mg L1 in Skeletonema costatum PNEC aqua marine 1⁄4 2.2 mg ATBC per L Non- classication 96hEC50> 100 mg L1 in green algae — Non- classication 10 Non- classication NOEC > limit of water solubility Environmental hazard chronic cat. 1 Not classied as harmful to the aquatic environment Soluble aluminium salts are not classied Flame retardants © 2021 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 32917–32941 | 32927PDF Image | Long-term durability and ecotoxicity of biocomposites in marine environments
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