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Review RSC Advances Fig. 6 Enhanced water uptake resistance with the addition of glass fibre into flax biocomposites [source: B. P. Chang, A. K. Mohanty and M. Misra, RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 17955–17999]. employed to overcome some of the drawbacks of natural bre composites, including moisture absorption behaviour. A hybrid approach consists in introducing less hydrophilic reinforce- ments as ller to the matrix, reducing the effect of the moisture absorption and saturation moisture uptake. Hybridisation of synthetic bres into natural bre composites has been shown to be an effective technique to enhance mechanical, thermal and water repellence behaviour of natural bre composites as illustrated (Fig. 6).62 This technique is one way to address some of the drawbacks of natural bre composites. Barouni and Dhakal worked on the low velocity impact damage of ax and glass/ax hybridised composites.63 Their results exhibited a signicant improvement on the impact damage behaviour of ax bre reinforced composites with the incorpora- tion of glass bre as hybrid reinforcement (Fig. 7). Their ndings suggest that hybridising synthetic bres into natural bres helps to overcome the decit of mechanical properties and moisture repellence behaviours of natural bre composites. A similar result has been suggested by Almansour et al.64 who investigated the inuence of moisture absorption on mode II Fig. 8 Weight gain versus function of time 3-point end notched specimens (FVE: neat VE, flax/vinyl ester (FVE), flax/vinyl ester stitched (FBVEs) and flax basalt vinyl ester unstitched (FBVEu)) exposed to distilled water. Reproduced with permission from ref. 64 [license number: 4992430819544]. interlaminar fracture toughness characteristics of ax and basalt bre reinforced vinyl ester hybrid composites.64 They reported a signicant improvement in fracture tough- ness behaviour of ax/VE composites with basalt bre hybrid- isation. Similarly, they were able to reduce the moisture absorption of ax/VE composites with basalt bre hybridisation as illustrated in (Fig. 8). Dhakal et al.65 carried out an investigation into the effects of carbon bre hybridisation on the mechanical and moisture resistance behaviours of ax/epoxy biobased composites. They reported noticeable improvements in moisture repellence behaviour and tensile properties of hybrid composites as a result of carbon bre hybridisation.65 Flax cross-ply samples exhibited a 282% increase in tensile strength. However, the strain of ax cross-ply composites was decreased by a 47%. In this case, the stiffness was increased but the strain to failure was decreased (Fig. 9). The inuence of moisture absorption on the properties of ax bre reinforced epoxy based composites was investigated by Scida et al.66 who Fig. 7 Load–displacement traces for flax and glass/flax reinforced hybrid composites under (a) 25 Joules and (b) 35 Joules of impact energy. Reproduced with permission from K. Barouni and H. N. Dhakal63 [license number: 4992430539751]. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 32917–32941 | 32923PDF Image | Long-term durability and ecotoxicity of biocomposites in marine environments
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