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1.1 BACKGROUND CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION “The Report Card on America’s Drinking Water Infrastructure” states that U.S. infrastructure is in poor condition (ASCE 2013). Approximately 33% of drinking water is lost each year (Radoszewski 2009). Due to leaks and breaks, water utilities in the United States lose more than 30 billion dollars’ worth of drinking water between treatment plants and taps, and approximately six billion dollars per year are needed to stop this loss (Jeyapalan 2007). In the coming decades, the cost of renewing water infrastructure could reach more than $1 trillion (ASCE 2013). A recent study by Utah State University’s Buried Structures Laboratory surveyed the failure rates of different pipe materials over a 12 month period. The failure rate for cast iron pipe was 24.4 failures/ 100 miles/year, steel pipe was 13.5 failures/100 miles/year, asbestos cement pipe was 7.1 failures/100 miles/year, ductile iron pipes was 4.9 failures/100 miles/year and PVC was 2.6 failures/100 miles/year (Folkman 2012). Due to unavailability of data on large diameter HDPE installations, Folkman did not include HDPE in his investigation. Not considering such factors as causes of pipe failures, pipe age and diameter (large diameter pipes are designed and installed more conservatively than small diameter pipes), the above statistics show that some pipe materials have higher failure rates than others and that there is a real need for reliable and durable water pipe materials. In another study conducted by the Center for Underground Infrastructure Research and Education (CUIRE 2013), 21 U.S. water utilities, serving a population of approximately 14 million, reported a small inventory of large diameter HDPE pipe, compared with other pipe materials. Pipe sizes for all materials ranged from 24 in. to 54 in. The large diameter HDPE pipe had an age of less than 25 years old. Table 1.1 presents performance of different pipe materials with no failures reported for HDPE pipe. Table 1.1 Performance of different pipe materials Number of Pipe Material Failures Total Length (in miles) Failure (per 100 miles per year) Other materials1 4 PVC 2 22 9 Bar-wrapped 35 258 14 DI 38 270 14 PCCP 92 613 15 Steel 110 574 19 1 Other Materials include Reinforced Concrete and Asbestos Cement. 1 ©2015 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 50 8 (Continued)PDF Image | Large Diameter HDPE Pipe for Water Main Applications
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