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Hull Scrapings and Marine Coatings as a Source of Microplastics a lack of supporting data for some factors and recommends collection of other data, recognises the general need for growth and possible management in this field. This highlights commonality in that almost all reports recommend more work, highlight limited data and suggest that, as shipping represents a direct input to oceans, data to support management is an imperative. Finally, Lassen et al. (2015) consider metal and biocide losses from ships assessing release from above-water anti-corrosive paints and AFS and hull coating releases. Figures are calculated for Denmark, but are generally applicable for release calculations from commercial shipyards and recreational vessel marinas. Suggesting that use of coatings is moving toward two-pack epoxy paints, Lassen et al. (2015) quote OECD (2009) figures (see above) for releases during application and calculate percentage ranges for coating loss from shipyard maintenance as 2-20% (note the disparity with the assessment by Sundt, Schulze and Syversen, 2014 above) and suggest that recreational boat paint losses in Denmark will be higher. Of considerable significance to this project, Lassen et al. (2015) discuss losses of microplastics from self-polishing (anti-fouling) paints and, as far as research for this project can readily identify, this is the only report that makes clear reference to the matter, though as shown above there is example work discussing in-water cleaning and normal use loss of anti-fouling metal compounds (Schiff, Diehl and Valkirs, 2004; Daehne et al., 2017). The authors stated that they could not identify studies on the subject. As no other research could be readily identified, it is apparent that the matter requires consideration being highly relevant to possible management of microplastic release from shipping. This is particularly so as the self-polishing method is specifically reliant on the sloughing off (through hydrolysis and erosion) of paint material to maintain efficacy of anti-fouling compounds. Furthermore, as self-polishing paints are intended to slough off and are commonly a mix of metals, biocide and plastics, the risk of plastic particles binding to metals being released from coatings also needs consideration, as does the size range of plastic particles released in relation to paint type, plastics compound, etc. 3.2.3 Microplastics from in-water hull cleaning It is important to note that none of the reports or papers referred to above discusses the hull cleaning industry and possible losses of microplastics from underwater remote (ROV) cleaner or diver activities. A brief reference to cleaning and normal mode of action concerns regarding AFS polymer loss was made by Cattrijsse et al. (2013) in relation to attention drawn by scientists. Whilst literature on in-water cleaning exists (there are numerous studies on biocide and invasive species release), none discussing microplastics in detail with specific study of polymer particles release were readily identified for this project. Research and review work has shown that in-water cleaning can lead to biocide / paint particle loss and release of viable invasive / exotic species transferred through the removal of biofouling. For example, Zabin, Davidson and Ruiz (2016) looked at the issue of biocide loss and species transfer, but, whilst this is a major report, it does not consider microplastics release suggesting this was not in the remit or not considered an issue at the time. In the hull cleaning industry, while many contractors who carry out diver or ROV in-water cleaning advertise that their technology captures the majority (if not all) of waste material (e.g. companies in Singapore, the United Kingdom and West Africa), research suggests that, as yet, capture is not 100% effective and it appears that no work has been undertaken on microplastics release and capture rates / success during in-water cleaning. 10PDF Image | HULL SCRAPINGS AND MARINE COATINGS AS A SOURCE OF MICROPLASTICS
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