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Hull Scrapings and Marine Coatings as a Source of Microplastics 3. AFS, marine coatings and maintenance 3.1 Background Since early ocean travel, biofouling and hull attack by boring species has been inhibited by various toxic (e.g. anti-fouling coatings / compounds) and physical (e.g. copper sheathing) barriers (for review see Yebra, Kiil and Dam-Johansen (2004)). Two IMO instruments are concerned with the issue of hull fouling and its prevention, the Anti-Fouling Systems Convention (AFS Convention) and the 2011 Biofouling Guidelines. Anti-fouling systems have followed several incarnations including the widely known and highly eco-toxic TBT, which was globally banned for use on ships by the AFS Convention. The AFS Convention aims to reduce or eliminate adverse effects on the marine environment from anti-fouling systems, and entered into force in September 2008. Further to this, the risk of potential transfer of invasive aquatic species via fouling growth on ship hulls and niche areas is addressed through the Biofouling Guidelines, which were adopted in July 2011. Finally, and preceding the AFS Convention and the Biofouling Guidelines, the London Convention (1972) and London Protocol (1996) were formulated to control and prevent dumping of wastes at sea; for an overview of relevant IMO activities, see Marine Environment pages at the IMO website under Our Work. Many (though not all) modern anti-fouling paints follow a co-polymer approach where a toxic metallic / biocide compound is embedded within a polymer (plastic) resin by which, through interaction with water, a constant release rate of settlement-inhibiting organo-metals and biocide is achieved. Whilst not the aim of this report to list all anti-fouling types (see Omae, 2003 for chemical structure of several AFS compounds), other methods of toxicity delivery are available and include copper paints (also in a resin / polymer matrix), non-toxic (though see Pretti et al., 2013) foul release (silicone) coatings and non-toxic hard coatings (e.g. Davidson et al. (2016)). Importantly for this context, and to provide clarification, these latter paints include co-polymer compounds. These may be alkyls, epoxies, polyesters, vinylesters (e.g. acrylates see Zhou et al., 2015), etc., which are, in general, defined as plastics (Dyckman, 1974). 3.2 Ship coatings and microplastics 3.2.1 Background A literature review was undertaken for this study to identify groups or individuals involved in research into the release of microplastics from anti-fouling systems, as well as other marine protective coatings. Limited information was found, though the issue of microplastics from AFS, hulls and general ship superstructure has received some attention. For example, in a review report on primary microplastics, Boucher and Friot (2017) identified that marine coatings are a source. They further discuss that marine paints comprise several plastic types mainly comprising epoxy, polyurethane and vinyl and lacquer within the coating matrix. Data for these observations are taken from OECD (2009) which also notes that releases of anti-fouling and coating compounds are related to maintenance activities such as pre-treatment (rubbing down, etc.), application and equipment cleaning. However, note that this comment does not include the possible release of microplastics from AFS due to in-water cleaning. This is also noteworthy in an OECD (2005) report which discusses anti-fouling compounds and, whilst not targeted at plastics release, but rather biocides, the report makes no discussion on in-water cleaning scenarios. 7PDF Image | HULL SCRAPINGS AND MARINE COATINGS AS A SOURCE OF MICROPLASTICS
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