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Hull Scrapings and Marine Coatings as a Source of Microplastics Regarding biofouling, the IMO’s Biofouling Guidelines may be updated and/or enhanced as part of an upcoming review, including an evaluation of their effectiveness, which is expected to be carried out by the IMO Member States in 2020-2021. Furthermore, to support implementation of the Biofouling Guidelines, IMO initiated the GloFouling Partnerships project in 2017, which aims to build capacity in developing countries to prevent species invasions from biofouling. In addition, GloFouling activities are expected to contribute to the ongoing review of the Biofouling Guidelines. Marine plastics debris and microplastics, and their potential effects on marine ecosystems and possible bioaccumulation to higher organisms, are areas of increasing research and regulatory focus (Fossi et al., 2014; Law, 2017). This perhaps reflects changing attitudes and awareness, as science has shown for considerable time that marine plastics (e.g. Derraik (2002) for review) and microplastic waste (e.g. Shaw and Day (1994)), have deleterious effects on marine species and communities and can bioaccumulate or pass directly to humans. Public awareness and, by extension, legislation and commercial environmental management and opportunities (e.g. Recycling Technologies Ltd) are increasing. For example, in March 2018 the United Kingdom Government launched a consultation on single plastics use and attempts to reduce associated waste indicating increasing national attention to the issue. It is important to note that general interest in marine plastics and microplastics is reflected in other regional approaches, that are perhaps complementary to UNEP and IMO approaches to future management of the issue. For example, the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD 2008/56/EC) aims to achieve effective protection of the marine environment across Europe. In this regard, microplastics have been included in the MSFD as Descriptor 10 in the Marine Litter section (adopted by the European Commission, January 2018). Other nations are addressing the microplastic and cosmetic microbeads issue with bans on microbeads in cleaning products and, regarding microplastics in general, Australia calls for a “cooperative approach from all levels of Government in Australia as well as industry” (Parliament of Australia, 2016). 1.2 Study objectives This review is intended to assess the current international state of knowledge on microplastic release from hull scrapings and marine coatings (including AFS, foul release, hard coatings and general copolymer paints for use in a marine / ship application) and to identify key data gaps. The expected result of this study is a review to inform assessment of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the contribution of hull scrapings and marine coatings as a source of microplastics. This will be achieved through: 1) Review of available literature and any research data considering relevant anti-fouling system types, etc.; and 2) Identification of knowledge gaps leading to suggestions of where further detail and/or data may be required to assist IMO in understanding the issue leading to future management as and if required. 2PDF Image | HULL SCRAPINGS AND MARINE COATINGS AS A SOURCE OF MICROPLASTICS
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