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amount of research was conducted by both the public and the private sector such as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Pavement Concrete Association (PCA), in order study to Effects of fly ash, especially Class F, on fresh and hardened concrete properties. Upon completion of these studies, it was determined that the two most significant properties of fly ash are the carbon content and the fineness. These properties will considerably influence the air content and water requirement of the concrete. For instance, finer material requires more water because of the increase in surface area. Furthermore, the finer material requires more air-entraining agents to satisfy the air content requirement in the mix. The total amount of carbon also influence the air entraining agents thus the capacity of an air entraining agent to provide the full amount of entrained air required in a the mix design. Also, the carbon content influences the water requirement of the mix due to the fact that carbon is known to absorb water (FHWA, 2010). ASTM C618 sets a maximum limit for the percent control for fly ash of both classes at 105% (Welsche, 1991). Both class C and class F fly ash can improve workability of fresh concrete. FHWA (2010) discloses in one of their publications that the “Use of fly ash increases the absolute volume of cementitious materials (cement plus fly ash) compared to non-fly-ash concrete”. Therefore, the volume of paste is increased thus leading to “a reduction in aggregate particle interference and the enhancement in concrete workability”. Partial substitution of cement by fly ash of both categories reduces the segregation of water, also known as bleeding in concrete (Wesche, 1991). Wesche (1991) also shows that “given a constant discharge time, water segregation varies inversely with increasing cement/fly ash exchange” (Wesche, 1991). Class F and most Class C fly ashes can also increase the 15PDF Image | HDPE FIBER REINFORCED RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
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