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load. Besides its strength, cement concrete should also be durable. It must be able to resist weathering due to wind, rain and extreme temperature variations. For concrete structures built in marine environments, the concrete is required to be resistant against the action of chemicals and salts. Moreover, cement concrete shall be workable and must also be able to resist wear and tear caused by other unforeseen circumstances. 3.2.3 Portland cement and the environment Although it provides the essential strength required, the use of cement in concrete represents considerable environmental concerns mostly associated to its industrialized production. These concerns include but are not limited to: greenhouse gas emissions atmospheric releases of NOx, SOx; energy consumption, health and safety hazard generally caused by worker exposure to dusts and other particulates. Two major sources of carbon dioxide emissions are generated as a consequence of cement production. The first and largest source results from the combustion of fossil fuels used to manage the rotary kiln. This process generates approximately three quarters of a ton of CO2 per ton of cement. The second process is a result of the following chemical reaction where: CaCO 3 = CaO + CO 2 Eq.2 This process occurs inside of the cement kiln where lime is obtained by the “calcerination” of limestone into lime. As a result, an amount in the order of 1/2 ton of CO2 per ton of cement is produced. Additionally, considerable amount of other dioxins such as nitrous oxide, sulfur and more are generated due to the heavy use of coal as a 11PDF Image | HDPE FIBER REINFORCED RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
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