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Polymers 2021, 13, 1885 addition of HDPE may cause a progressive decrease of portlandite in the HDPE-6 relative to standard concrete [28]. Cement and HDPE morphologies have been observed under different temperatures and it was observed that with the increase of temperature, HDPE concrete becomes less compact and deteriorates. This phenomenon is clearly marked by the existence of pores, 108 μ m in size at 250 °C and of 162 μ m at 350 °C. The cracks were formed because of the absence of HDPE, letting the pores become the entry points for air [28]. Thermal conductivity of concrete where HDPE is used as a cement replacement was decreased with the increment of HDPE content due to the presence of pores distributed within the material in the concrete mix during the elimination of HDPE, reduction in pore appearance by nano-silicates, and as nano-particles behave as a filling agent [28]. appearance by nano-silicates, and as nano-particles behave as a filling agent [28]. Figure 8. XDM spectrum of (a) Standard concrete Matrix (HDPE-0) and (b) Cement replaced HDPE-6 concrete matrix at Figure 8. XDM spectrum of (a) Standard concrete Matrix (HDPE-0) and (b) Cement replaced HDPE-6 concrete matrix at • at HDPE-15. • The 28-days’ flexural and splitting tensile strength of HDPE fiber reinforced concrete • HDPE fiber reinforced concrete where HDPE is increased up to 1.25% display better • Water absorption of HDPE fine and coarse aggregate concrete is increased by 5.4% •• •• • Water absorption of HDPE fine and coarse aggregate concrete is increased by 5.4% and a3n5d%3w5%ithwthitehinthcreeiansceroefasHeDoPfEHfDroPmE0f%romto105%%toan1d5%20%an,dre2sp0%ec,tirveslpy,ewcthivileelyp,owrohsiltey paonrdospietyrmaneadbpileitrymoefaHbiDlitPyEocfoHarDsePEagcgoraergsaeteagcognrecgreatewcoanscirnectreewasaesdinbycr6e5a%sedanbdy46651% awnidth46th1e%inwcirtehastheeoifnHcrDeaPsEe poefrHceDnPtaEgepefrocemnt0a%getofr3o0m%0. % to 30%. Siimiillaarrlyly,, ottherr durrabiilliitty prroperrttiieess off HDPE ffiine and coarse aggregatte concrrette ssucchas lower thermallcconduccttivivitiyty(2(255%%ddrorpo)pa)nadndhihgihgehrerresriesstiasntacencaegaignasitncshtlochrildoe-, rsiudlep,hsautlepahnadteaacinddatatcaicdksatwtaecrkesobwsereveodbsweirtvheidncwluisthioninocfluHsDioPnEoufpHtDo P32E%umpotroe3th2%an mthoeresttahnadnatrhde/pstlanindacordn/cprleatienmcoatnrcixre(tHeDmPaEtr-i0x)(aHlwDaPyEs-.0)always. IInccrreeaassininggttheeHDPEperrcenttageeupto 1.25% and maintaining the w/ccrrattiioatt0..62 rreducesttheworrkabiillity by80%andiincrreasesttheellasttiicoffmodullusby4..1%offHDPE • concrete matrix (HDPE-0) in all inclusion levels of HDPE. • • reduction of water permeability by 39.5% and plastic shrinkage cracking by 83.6% when considering the average crack width reduction. Weaker bonds and lower adhesion strength between the concrete mix and HDPE aggregates are mainly due to the hydrophobic nature, smooth and glossy surface texture and the chemical inert behavior of HDPE which result in reducing both durability and mechanical performances of HDPE fine and coarse aggregate concrete with the increase of HDPE. When ductile fibers are added into HDPE fiber reinforced concrete, it will improve its tensile strength depending on several factors such as fiber toughness, fiber vol- HDPE coarse aggregate concrete, optimum compressive and flexural strength are coarse aggregate concrete, optimum compressive and flexural strength are recorded recorded in the range of 10% to 15% of HDPE incorporation and splitting tensile in the range of 10% to 15% of HDPE incorporation and splitting tensile strength strength at HDPE-15. fiber reinforced concrete. fiber reinforced concrete. The 28-days’ flexural and splitting tensile strength of HDPE fiber reinforced concrete is increased up to an optimum of 4.9 MPa (at HDPE-3) and 4.4 MPa (at HDPE-3.5) is increased up to an optimum of 4.9 MPa (at HDPE-3) and 4.4 MPa (at HDPE-3.5) with an increase of HDPE from 0% to 6%, and was higher than the standard/plain with an increase of HDPE from 0% to 6%, and was higher than the standard/plain concrete matrix (HDPE-0) in all inclusion levels of HDPE. HDPE fiber reinforced concrete where HDPE is increased up to 1.25% display better durability properties than the standard/plain concrete matrix (HDPE-0) due to the durability properties than the standard/plain concrete matrix (HDPE-0) due to the 21 of 23 within the material in the concrete mix during the elimination of HDPE, reduction in pore (a) (b) 20 °C [29]. 20 ◦C [29]. 7. Summary and Conclusions 7. Summary and Conclusions The mechanical and durability properties of concrete incorporated with recycled The mechanical and durability properties of concrete incorporated with recycled HDPE as a fine aggregate, a coarse aggregate, a fiber, and a cement binder is comprehen- HDPE as a fine aggregate, a coarse aggregate, a fiber, and a cement binder is comprehen- sively reviewed. The principal conclusions drawn are listed below: • Optimum 28-days’ compressive and flexural strength of HDPE fine aggregate con- sively reviewed. The principal conclusions drawn are listed below: • Optimum 28-days’ compressive and flexural strength of HDPE fine aggregate concrete crete is observed at HDPE-10 and splitting tensile strength at HDPE-5 whereas for is observed at HDPE-10 and splitting tensile strength at HDPE-5 whereas for HDPEPDF Image | Engineering Performance of Concrete Incorporated with Recycled HDPE
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