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Polymers 2021, 13, 1885 reached [14]. Elastic modulus of a concrete mix is mainly based on the types of aggregates reached [14]. Elastic modulus of a concrete mix is mainly based on the types of aggregates used, density and the compressive strength of the concrete [14]. Modulus of elasticity of used, density and the compressive strength of the concrete [14]. Modulus of elasticity of HDPE coarse aggregate concrete decreases with the increase of HDPE which may be due HDPE coarse aggregate concrete decreases with the increase of HDPE which may be due to reasons such as increase of volume of pores in concrete matrix, the difference in mod- to reasons such as increase of volume of pores in concrete matrix, the difference in mod- ulus of elasticity values of HDPE particles and the concrete mix and internal defects ulus of elasticity values of HDPE particles and the concrete mix and internal defects (cracks occurred around HDPE particles) [14]. (cracks occurred around HDPE particles) [14]. FiguFriegu7r.eS7E.MSEMimiamgaegsewswithithstsrtoronnggeerrITZinterffaacceessooffstsatnadnadradrcdoncocrnecteremteatmrixat(rHixD(PHED-0P)[E1-40]).[14]. Figure 7. SEM images with stronger ITZ interfaces of standard concrete matrix (HDPE-0) [14]. Increase in water adsorption of HDPE fine aggregate concrete with the increase of Increase in water adsorption of HDPE fine aggregate concrete with the increase of Increase in water adsorption of HDPE fine aggregate concrete with the increase of HDPE percentage is mainly due to the lack of interface bonding between HDPE and the HDPE percentage is mainly due to the lack of interface bonding between HDPE and the HDPE percentage is mainly due to the lack of interface bonding between HDPE and the aggregates, the increase in the porosity of the concrete matrix, and the higher HDPE content aggregates, the increase in the porosity of the concrete matrix, and the higher HDPE con- aggregates, the increase in the porosity of the concrete matrix, and the higher HDPE con- which occupies the space in the concrete, which could evaporate water which leads to 19 of 23 Figure 6. SEM images with weaker ITZ interfaces of HDPE-60 concrete matrix [14]. FiguFriegu6r.eS6E.MSEMimiamgaegsewswithithwweeaakkeerrIITZinterffacceessooffHHDDPEP-E6-06c0oncocrnecteremteatmriaxt[r1i4x].[14]. tent which occupies the space in the concrete, which could evaporate water which leads tent which occupies the space in the concrete, which could evaporate water which leads leaving voids thus increasing the absorption value while creating more spaces to fill up to leaving voids thus increasing the absorption value while creating more spaces to fill up tolweaitvhiwngatvero[i1d5s,1t6h]u.sThinecvrelaoscitnygotfhweaavbesosrtrpotniognlyvdaelpueendwshoinlethceremateicnhganmicoarleprsoppaecretisestofillup withewcoantcerret[e1a5n,1d6i]s.hTighhelyveinloflcuietnycoedf wbyatvhesvsotirdosningltyhedceopnecrnedtes. oTnhethpoermeseccrehatnedicbaelcpauroseperties with water [15,16]. The velocity of waves strongly depends on the mechanical properties ofotfhHeDcoPnEcpraertteicalensdslioswhdigohwlnytihneflvueeloncciteydobfythethueltvraosiodnsicinwatvhedcuoentcorethte.inTchreapseoirnesthcereated of the concrete and is highly influenced by the voids in the concrete. The pores created acoustic impedance. When the incident wave passes through concrete, HDPE and pores, because of HDPE particles slow down the velocity of the ultrasonic wave due to the in- because of HDPE particles slow down the velocity of the ultrasonic wave due to the in- some waves are partially reflected, and the rest are transmitted. This phenomena leads to a crease in the acoustic impedance. When the incident wave passes through concrete, HDPE crease in the acoustic impedance. When the incident wave passes through concrete, HDPE reduction in wave velocity with the increase of HDPE content [14]. Thermal conductivity and pores, some waves are partially reflected, and the rest are transmitted. This phenom- and pores, some waves are partially reflected, and the rest are transmitted. This phenom- of HDPE fine aggregate concrete has dropped with the increase of HDPE content due ena leads to a reduction in wave velocity with the increase of HDPE content [14]. Thermal ena leads to a reduction in wave velocity with the increase of HDPE content [14]. Thermal to the storage of a significant amount of water in the pores [14]. It was also noted that conductivity of HDPE fine aggregate concrete has dropped with the increase of HDPE conductivity of HDPE fine aggregate concrete has dropped with the increase of HDPE the thermal conductivity of standard concrete (HDPE-0) is higher than that of the HDPE content due to the storage of a significant amount of water in the pores [14]. It was also confitneentagdguregtaotethcoensctroertaegwehoicfhamsiagynbifeicdaunet taomHoDuPnEt ohfavwinagtear lionwththeeprmoraelsco[1n4d]u.cIttivwitays also no(t0e.d4Wth.mat1thKe1)tchoemrmparlecdownidthucthtievciotyndoufcsttivaintydaorfdnactounraclrseatend(H[1D4]P.EW-h0e)niscohnigsihderitnhgatnhethatof noted that the thermal conductivity of standard concrete (HDPE-0) is higher than that of chloride ion penetration test, it was observed that chloride ion penetration has reduced and lies in the favorable range of 2000–4000 coulombs with the increase of HDPE mainly due to the impervious HDPE granules which block the passage of chloride ion penetration and deterioration of the concrete [12]. Testing the concrete mixes against chemical attacks is vitalPDF Image | Engineering Performance of Concrete Incorporated with Recycled HDPE
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