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Polymers 2021, 13, 1885 14 of 23 16% HDPE addition is observed, followed by a 1030 m/s velocity gain with the increase of HDPE from 16% to 24% and, finally, a drop of 1860 m/s, when HDPE is added from 24% to 32% [18]. The same study has carried out the rebound hammer test and have obtained rebound values at 56-days’ compressive strength [18]. The 56-day rebound values have increased from 40 to 42 when HDPE is added from 0% to 8% and then have dropped from 42 to 36 with the increase of HDPE from 8% to 32% [18]. Compressive strength obtained through rebound hammer test as well as through a destructive test show similar increments by 2.1 MPa and 1.71 MPa when HDPE increases from 0% to 8% and drops by 6.32 MPa and 5.47 MPa when HDPE is added from 8% to 32%, respectively [18]. When considering the sulphate attack test, the compressive strength of HDPE coarse aggregate concrete (with the increase of HDPE from 0% to 32%) is increased when im- mersed with Na2SO4 apart from the standard concrete matrix (HDPE-0) [18]. Compressive strength is observed to be dropped by 1.48 MPa in the standard concrete matrix (HDPE-0) after immersion in Na2SO4 [18]. Compressive strength is increased by 0.33 MPa, 0.51 MPa, 0.58 MPa and 1.63 MPa at HDPE-8, HDPE-16, HDPE-24 and HDPE-32 concretes, respec- tively [18]. This has further displayed a 6.25% of weight loss due to a sulphate attack test in HDPE coarse aggregate concrete with the increase of HDPE from 0% to 32% [18]. An acid attack test was carried out through a comparison of compressive strength values obtained after immersing HDPE coarse aggregate concrete mixes in both water and hydrochloric (HCl) acid after curing for 28 days [18]. When the HDPE is increased from 0% to 32% in 8% intervals, the compressive strength has reduced by 12.21 MPa and 12.45 MPa after immersion in HCl acid and water, respectively. When comparing the compressive strength drop of each HDPE coarse aggregate concrete matrix: HDPE-0, HDPE-8, HDPE-16, HDPE-24 and HDPE-32 due to immersion in HCl acid is recorded to be 2.7%, 5.0%, 4.1%, 3.31% and 2.97%, respectively [18]. The least compressive strength drop was recorded in HDPE-0 concrete matrix and, however, it can be observed that the compressive strength drop has reduced significantly with an increase of HDPE. The same experiment has observed an increase of 54.5% in weight loss percentage, with the increase of HDPE from 0% to 32% [18]. According to Kodua [16], when concrete mixes are immersed in nitric (HNO3) acid solution, compressive strength of HDPE coarse aggregate concrete is decreased by 53.9% with the increase of HDPE from 0% to 8%. An increase in weight loss of 34.1% was also observed, after immersing in HNO3, when HDPE is increased from 0% to 8% [16]. Therefore, the effects imposed due to acids on HDPE coarse aggregate concrete are very minimal and can withstand the chemical reactions within the concrete [18]. 4. Use of HDPE as a Fiber Reinforcement in Concrete 4.1. Mechanical Properties of HDPE Fiber Reinforced Concrete Table 4 illustrates that the workability (slump) of HDPE fiber reinforced concrete was reduced by 73.8% when adding 1.25% of HDPE fibers having a diameter of 0.25 mm and a length of 23 mm while maintaining the same w/c ratio of 0.62 [24,25]. Pešic ́ et al. [24] reveal that varying the fiber diameter from 0.25 mm to 0.4 mm and length from 23 mm to 30 mm, has reduced the slump by 3 mm at HDPE-0.4 and by 4 mm at HDPE-0.75 and HDPE-1.25. It also suggests that increasing the water content used in HDPE concrete matrix and adding water-reducing agents can prevent segregation of plastic fibers in the reinforced concrete mixes [26]. As a result, Dehydol LS-12 (LS-12) nonionic surfactant is used to increase the wettability of plastic materials [26]. With the addition of the Dehydol LS-12, it was observed that the slump values are decreased from 130 mm to 20 mm when w/c ratio is increased from 0.5 to 0.6 and the HDPE fiber are increased from 0% to 30% [26].PDF Image | Engineering Performance of Concrete Incorporated with Recycled HDPE
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