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Polymers 2021, 13, 1885 10 of 23 when HDPE is increased from 15% to 20% [12]. It is identified that optimum 28-days’ compressive strength of 34 MPa is achieved at HDPE-15 [12]. However, Lopez et al. [20] suggest that optimum 28-days’ compressive strength is obtained at HDPE-10. The splitting tensile strength also shows a decreasing trend with the increment of HDPE content, Figure 4b [12,18,21]. A tensile strength reduction of 1.4 MPa (is observed at 28 days with the increase of HDPE from 0% to 20% [21]. There is no tensile strength change recorded until HDPE is added up to 8%, but 0.8 MPa strength reduction was noted when HDPE increased to 32% [18]. Shanmugapriya and Santhi [12] noted the contradicted behavior illustrating a significant splitting tensile strength reduction of 23.4% Polymers2021,13,xFORPEERREVIwEWhenincorporatedwith10%HDPEinconcrete.However,tensilestrengthgain11(2o6f.251%) was observed with the increase of HDPE content from 10% to 15% and, again, a drop of 16.1% when HDPE increased from 15% to 20% [12]. It is identified that HDPE-15 achieves the optimum 28-days’ splitting tensile strength. 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 HDPE % Al Bakri et al. [17] Habib et al. Shanmugapriya and Santhi [12] Philomina Zainal and Ali [22] (a) [21] 1/2" - Lopez et al. [20] 3/4" - Lopez et al. [20] and D’Mello [18] Kodua [16] Rahim et al. [19] 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 (c) (b) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 HDPE % 0 5 101520253035404550556065707580859095100 HDPE % Figure 4. 28-days’ (a) Compressive strength; (b) Splitting tensile strength and (c) Flexural strength variations of HDPE Figure 4. 28-days’ (a) Compressive strength; (b) Splitting tensile strength and (c) Flexural strength variations of HDPE The density of HDPE coarse aggregate concrete is decreased with the increase of HDPE content, Table 3 [18,20,21]. It is observed that there was a 5.2% reduction in density with the increase of HDPE from 0% to 32% and a 6.1% reduction during 0% to 20% of HDPE addition [12,21]. The density of 1⁄2 ′′ HDPE coarse aggregate concrete matrix has reduced by 776.1 kg/m3 and by 675.72 kg/m3 in 3⁄4 ′′ HDPE coarse aggregate concrete matrix only with the increase of HDPE from 0% to 30% [20]. This reveals that a greater density drop could be achieved when the aggregate size is reduced from 3⁄4 ′′ to 1⁄2 ′′ regardless of the HDPE inclusion percentage. Another notable observation is that the rate of reduction coarse aggregate concrete. coarse aggregate concrete. 28-days' Splitting Tensile Strength (MPa) 28-days' Compressive Strength (MPa) 28-days' Flexural Strength (MPa) of dry density was 0.2% per volume percent of waste polymer added in HDPE coarsePDF Image | Engineering Performance of Concrete Incorporated with Recycled HDPE
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