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polymers Review Engineering Performance of Concrete Incorporated with Recycled High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)—A Systematic Review Sonali Abeysinghe 1,2, Chamila Gunasekara 1,* , Chaminda Bandara 2 , Kate Nguyen 1, Ranjith Dissanayake 2 and Priyan Mendis 3 Citation: Abeysinghe,S.; Gunasekara, C.; Bandara, C.; Nguyen, K.; Dissanayake, R.; Mendis, P. Engineering Performance of Concrete Incorporated with Recycled High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)—A Systematic Review. Polymers2021,13,1885. https:// doi.org/10.3390/polym13111885 Academic Editor: Miguel Ángel López Manchado Received: 25 May 2021 Accepted: 4 June 2021 Published: 6 June 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1 2 Abstract: Incorporating recycled plastic waste in concrete manufacturing is one of the most ecolog- ically and economically sustainable solutions for the rapid trends of annual plastic disposal and natural resource depletion worldwide. This paper comprehensively reviews the literature on engi- neering performance of recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) incorporated in concrete in the forms of aggregates or fiber or cementitious material. Optimum 28-days’ compressive and flexural strength of HDPE fine aggregate concrete is observed at HDPE-10 and splitting tensile strength at HDPE-5 whereas for HDPE coarse aggregate concrete, within the range of 10% to 15% of HDPE incorporation and at HDPE-15, respectively. Similarly, 28-days’ flexural and splitting tensile strength of HDPE fiber reinforced concrete is increased to an optimum of 4.9 MPa at HDPE-3 and 4.4 MPa at HDPE-3.5, respectively, and higher than the standard/plain concrete matrix (HDPE-0) in all HDPE inclusion levels. Hydrophobicity, smooth surface texture and non-reactivity of HDPE has resulted in weaker bonds between concrete matrix and HDPE and thereby reducing both mechanical and durability performances of HDPE concrete with the increase of HDPE. Overall, this is the first ever review to present and analyze the current state of the mechanical and durability performance of recycled HDPE as a sustainable construction material, hence, advancing the research into better performance and successful applications of HDPE concrete. Keywords: sustainability; recycled plastic; high-density polyethylene (HDPE); concrete; construc- tion material 1. Introduction About 2.01 billion tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is generated annually world- wide, and one third of MSW is openly dumped without managing in an environmentally- friendly manner [1]. Around 40% of MSW is discharged directly to landfills, 19% of it is recovered through recycling or composting and another 11% of it is incinerated [1]. With the rapid trends of urbanization, it has been predicted that 3.40 billion tons of MSW will be generated by 2050 [1]. About 12% of MSW generated are plastics, which is approximately 24.14 million tons [1]. The plastic industry began in the early 1900s in the USA [2]. During the period of 1950 to 2015, 8.3 billion tons of plastics were manufactured worldwide and 6.3 billion tons of them were discharged as waste [3]. Only 9% of plastic waste had been recycled, 12% were incinerated and the majority of 79% was discharged into landfills or openly dumped [3]. China ranks at the top in plastic manufacturing followed by Europe which accounts for 30% and 19%, respectively. Furthermore, China tops even in plastic consumption followed by Western Europe which is around 20% and 18%, respectively [4]. School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; S3871542@student.rmit.edu.au (S.A.); kate.nguyen@rmit.edu.au (K.N.) Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; csbandara@eng.pdn.ac.lk (C.B.); ranjith@fulbrightmail.org (R.D.) 3 pamendis@unimelb.edu.au School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; * Correspondence: chamila.gunasekara@rmit.edu.au; Tel.: +61-3-9925-1709 Polymers 2021, 13, 1885. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111885 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersPDF Image | Engineering Performance of Concrete Incorporated with Recycled HDPE
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