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22 Additives It is generally understood in the thermoplastics industry that most plastic mate- rials used contain small amounts of additives, as most of these materials can- not be commercially used without them. The properties of a particular material are altered by the use of these additives. Since additives are essential in com- mercial plastics, the size and scope of the additives industry is now enormous. It is estimated that approximately 7 million tons of additives of various kinds are used in plastics annually. In the thermoplastics industry, the largest amount of additives is used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC). With most thermoplastic materials, variations of the basic formulas are available to provide improved properties, such as, improved heat resistance or weatherability, by the use of additives. Processing and performance additives such as antistatic, nucleating and mold release agents may also be added to an existing material. These additives may form part of the color masterbatch (a masterbatch is a concentrate). Concentrates containing foaming agents, for structural foam molding, are also available for many materials. Examples of other additives are reclaimed material, fillers, reinforce- ments, impact modifiers, colorants, antioxidants, heat stabilizers, light stabiliz- ers, lubricants, coupling agent, flame retardants, cross-linking agents, plasticiz- ers, extenders, nucleating agents, antistatic agents and blowing agents. Material Modification The use of the term “materials modification” usually means the addition of larg- er amounts (greater than a few percent) of an additive. An additive is used in relatively large concentrations may be referred to as a modifier. Modifiers may include elastomers, flame-retardants and fillers. Material modification with rub- ber impact modifiers, fibers or fillers has been extensively used with engineer- ing plastics to obtain a desirable combination of properties. These formulations may offer improved impact strength, tensile strength and heat distortion tem- perature together with ease of flow. Trade Name/Trademark Usage It is common within the thermoplastics industry to refer to a plastic material by a trade name because they are often simpler, and more widely known, than the chemical name of the polymer. The same trade name/trademark, however, is often used for a range of materials, the properties of which may vary widely. Such materials are usually based on the same type of thermoplastic material, for example, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). However, one material may be largely unmodified whereas another, with the same brand name, may contain large amounts of glass fiber or other additives (Table 2.). Table 2. Common Abbreviations and Trade Names/Trademarks for Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Elastomers Abbrevia- Common tion Name ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene AMS Alpha methyl styrene ASA Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (AAS) BDS Butadiene styrene block copolymer CA Cellulose acetate CAB Cellulose acetate butyrate Common Trade Names or Trade Marks Cycolac; Lustran Elite HH Luran S K Resin; Styrolux Cellidor; Tenite Cellidor; TenitePDF Image | Dynisco Extrusion Processors Handbook
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