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somebody, does get trapped. This means knowing how to stop the machine in a hurry and how to release or open the nip. The Screw Normally the only part of the screw that the operator sees is that which is exposed when the machine runs out of material, that is at the base of the hop- per. It looks fairly harmless but it is very dangerous and will easily remove your fingers. So, keep your hands out of the hopper and only put them into this danger area when you are satisfied that it is safe to do so; when the screw is stopped, the power is off and the machine is isolated. Always check that the machine is isolated yourself. To protect the expensive screw, do not put metal tools into the hopper when the screw is turning. There should be a guard between the base of the hopper and the screw (to prevent finger trapping) and ideally, the screw should not turn if the hopper is removed. Do not remove the hopper, and expose the screw, until the extruder is stopped and you have checked that the machine is isolated. The Die or Nozzle The die (sometimes called the nozzle) is often the part of the extruder that an operator sees the most during machine operation. Accidents involving the die are a major hazard because of failure to protect the operator against danger from burning or finger trapping. Therefore, do not reach over moving equip- ment and never remove a guard or, attempt to bypass a guard. When cleaning or stripping the die make sure that the equipment is locked in the non-running mode and that the power (electric) supply is discon- nected. Specific cleaning instructions from the die maker should be followed to prevent danger to the operator and damage to the forming surfaces of the die. Other Equipment Cutting, grinding, sawing and chopping equipment must, of course, be well guarded. They usually are the most common dangers that arise when a safe working approach is ignored. Do not reach over moving equipment and never remove or attempt to bypass a guard. If you have been specifically authorized to do something like this, then make sure that the equipment is locked in the non-running mode and that all electric power is disconnected. Work Handling Devices A work-handling device, also known as a robot, is an item of parts handling equipment (PHE). When guarding a parts handling device, such as a robot, consideration should be given to the area covered by the machine, the speed of operation of the arm, the speed of acceleration/deceleration of the arm, the complexity of the movements involved and the time-scale over which the movements occur. This last point is very important as often an operator can be mislead into believing that the PHE is in-operative as it appears to be switched off when it is standing still. When guarding a parts handling device (or a robot) both the down- stream operations and the working area of the PHE must be considered. Special custom-built enclosures must often be built for each application. Electrical Equipment Most extrusion equipment is heated by electric resistance elements and driven 13 section 1: introduction to extrusionPDF Image | Dynisco Extrusion Processors Handbook
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