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2.8.4 PERMEABILITY The concrete becomes porous after the evaporation of excess water in hardened concrete. The voids formed will absorb water and make the concrete structure permeable. 2.8.5 DUSTING The excess water in concrete mix brings the fine aggregate to the top, as a result, after hardening- a fine loose powder will settle on the top of the concrete surface. This process is called dusting. 2.8.6 SCALING Scaling of concrete also occurs due to excess water content in concrete. In this case, the top layer of the hardened concrete surface is removed. It is due to the reaction of water with freeze and thaw effects. 2.8.7 REDUCED DURABILITY The above-explained effects finally lead to a reduction in the durability of concrete. Hence, to make durable concrete, water-cement ratio must be selected properly. Low water-cement ratio helps to get more durable concrete. With the addition of air entraining admixtures, the durability can be increased with low water content. 19PDF Image | concretes that use polymers as a binder
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